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U. S. VOLUNTEER- 

' A BOOK OF 

INSTRUCTIONS TOR OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS, 

COMPRISING THE PRINCIPLES OF 

AIMING AND TARGET PRACTICE, 

FORMS OF DRESS PARADE AND REVIEW, DUTIES OF 
GUARDS AND SENTINELS, INSPECTION, WITH 
MODE OF SLINGING KNAPSACKS, ' 

MUSTER, 

REGULATIONS FOR UNIFORM AND DRESS OF THE ARMT 

MANNER OF RECRUITING, DESCRIPTION OF ARMY 

RATION, CAMP EQUIPAGE, ETC., ETC. 

ALSO, 

THE MIES AND ARTICLES OP WAR, 

COMPILED FROM 

STANDARD WORKS OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT 

AND 

A MANUAL FOR 
COLT'S REVOLVING RIFLE. 

BY P. T. SWAINB, 

1st Lieutenant 10th Infantry, U. S. Army. 



BOSTON: 
S. O. PERKINS, 

13 WASHINGTON ST., 
1861. 



The undersigned graduates of West Point, having 
examined the U. S. Volunteer compiled by Lieut. P. T. 
Swaine, U. S. A., and his Manual for Colt's Rifle, most 
cheerfully recommend them as works of great impor- 
tance, giving that valuable military instruction so 
essential to the Volunteers and Home Guards of the 
Union to make them eifective troops. 

GEO. B. McCLELLAN, 

Major General U. S. A. 

GORDON GRANGER, 
Captain TJ. S. Mounted Rifles, Ass't Adjutant Gen'l 0. V. M' 

JNO. H. DICKERSON, 

Capt. and A. Q. M. U. S. A., and Lieut. Col. and Asst. Qr. Mas. 
General 0. V. M. 

WM. W. BURNS, 

Capt. and C. S. U. S. A., and Ass't. Com. Gen'l 0. V.M. 

SIDNEY BURBANK, 

Major. 1st. Inf. IT. S. A., Commanding at Newport Barracks. 

JOHN POPE, 

Captain Topographical Eng. U. S. A. 
R. W. BURNET, 

Graduate of 1829. 

CRAFTS J. WRIGHT. 

Graduate of 1328. 



U. S. VOLUNTEER: 

A BOOK OP 

INSTRUCTIONS FOE, OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS, 

COMPRISING THE PRINCIPLES OF 

AIMING AND TARGET PRACTICE, 

FORMS OF DRESS PARADE AND REVIEW, DUTIES OF 

GUARDS AND SENTINELS, INSPECTION, WITH 

MODE OF SLINGING KNAPSACKS, 

MUSTER, 

REGULATIONS FOR UNIFORM AND DRESS OF THE ARMY 

MANNER OF RECRUITING, DESCRIPTION OF ARMY 

RATION, CAMP EQUIPAGE, ETC., ETC. 

ALSO, 

THE RULES AND ARTICLES OF WAR, 

COMPILED PROM 

STANDARD WORKS OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT, 

AND 

A MANUAL FOR 

COLT'S REVOLVING RIFLE. 

BY P. T. SWAINE, 

1st Lieutenant 10th Infantry, U. S. Army. 



BOSTON: 
S. O. PERKINS, 

13 WASHINGTON ST., 
1861. 



Ui/3' 



Gift 

MiseM. C.Codman 

March 1014 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1861, by 

P. T. SWAINE, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, 

for the Southern District of Ohio. 



PREFACE. 



The Schools of the Soldier, Company and Battalion, 
teach the manual of Arms, and evolutions of Troops, 
but to become soldiers, military knowledge, additional 
to that comprised in Tactics, is absolutely necessary. 
It would be impracticable however at this time for vol- 
unteers to provide themselves with the numerous orders 
and military books published by the'War Department, 
therefore the author has extracted from them what is 
most important to know. 

As the object of the author in preparing this little 
work is not literary fame, but simply in the present cri- 
sis of affairs, to present to the volunteers of the Union 
such indispensable information in their most essential 
duties, as will make them soldiers fit for service as well 
as parade; wherever he has had occasion to use works 
already adopted by U. S. Array authorities, he has re- 
tained the language of the original text, preferring to 
give the standard regulations in the identical form in 
which they were adopted. 

To Captain Henry Heth, U. S. A., author of "A Sys- 
tem of Target Practice," adopted by the War Depart- 
ment, the undersigned is indebted for most of the valu- 
able remarks in reference to aiming. 

P. T. SWAINE, 
First Lieut., 10th Inf., U. S. A. 



THE PRINCIPLES OF AIMING 

AND 

TARGET PRACTICE. 



When we reflect that many of our Volunteers have 
never fired a piece, prior to their service, and some no 
doubt have seldom if ever handled one, it would be 
surprising indeed were such men good shots. 
rj The slow progress in attaining anything like precision 
rn firing is believed attributable, in a great measure, to 
ignorance of those principles which must govern all 
good marksmen when firing, the chief of which is a 
knowledge of aiming the piece correctly. 

Persons accustomed to the use of fire-arms from their 
youth find no difficulty in aiming a gun correctly at an 
object. Not so, however, with the man who has never 
handled a gun. 

An officer standing in the rear, or in front of a man 
when aiming cannot detect inaccuracies of aim; but, 
if the soldier is made to place his gun on a suitable rest, 
and aim it at an object, the officer will immediately detect 
all errors, which having been pointed out, the soldier re- 
ceives a useful lesson in aiming his piece, which it will 

(5) 



b V. 1. VOLUNTEER. 

be easy for hiin to carry out when aiming from a 
prescribed position. 

In order that fire-arms in the hands of soldiers may 
produce their full effect, it is necessary, 

1st. That the soldier should have sufficient knowledge 
of the parts of his piece to enable him to take it apart 
and put it together again for the purpose of keeping it 
in order, 

2d. That the soldier should know how to load his gun 
properly. The School of the Soldier contains all That 
is necessary on this subject. 

3d. That the rules for firing his piece should be 
known; that is to say, that he knows the manner of 
regulating his aim according to the distance of the ob- 
ject to be hit. 

4th. That he should be practised in estimating dis- 
tances within the range of his piece. 

5th. That he should be able to take a position which 
enables him, 

To aim with ease; 

To keep the body steady, without constraint; ^ 

Not to incline the sights to the right or left; 

To support the recoil. 

6th. When pressing on the trigger to discharge the 
piece, not to derange his aim. 

The above comprises all that is necessary for the sol- 
dier to know, and put in practice, in order that he may 
obtain the maximum effect of his arm. 

By examining the details of instruction as given 
above, it will be seen that, in order that a soldier may 
be made familiar with them, it is not necessary to fire 
in reality. 

The soldier should acquire the above by degrees. If 
the soldier's attention be at first confined to aiming his 
piece, he will mor& readily acquire this than if he were 



TARGET PRACTICE. 7 

required to aim, and to take a prescribed position at the 
same time. Having acquired a knowledge of the prin- 
ciples of aiming his piece, and then a prescribed posi- 
tion, he will readily acquire the habit of aiming correct- 
ly from this position. 

He should now learn the proper manner of pulling 
the trigger, and, when putting this in practice, to keep 
his piece steady. 

The soldier ivill next be taught to support the recoil, 
and become accustomed to the report of his piece, by 
first using caps, and then blank cartridges. 

Such appears to be the natural order of instruction 
to overcome the difficulties attending the proper use of 
his arms when firing. It is asserted, by the English 
and French, that soldiers, by the above course of in- 
struction, have been made good shots without having 
fired a single ball. 

The necessity of soldiers being able to estimate dis- 
tances with some degree of accuracy is very evident. 
Without such knowledge, no accuracy of fire could be 
obtained when deployed as skirmishers; as the soldier 
is then compelled to rely upon his own judgment. It is 
a matter of great importance, therefore, that the in-, 
structor should practice his men in estimating dis- 
tances. 



&lttt fpwctt. 

EXERCISE PREPARATORY TO FIRING. 

In the exercises which constitute this lesson, the com- 
pany will be divided into as many squads as there are 
instructors available. When the exercise is conducted 
on the drill ground, the squads will be formed in one 
rank, with an interval of one pace between the files, 
and equipped as for drill. The bayonet, as a general 
rule, will be in the scabbard, unless otherwise directed. 

ARTICLE I. 

AIMING. 

Instruction in aiming will be given at first in the quar- 
ters if practicable. A bag, partially filled with sand or 
earth, is placed on a bench, the bench on a table: by 
striking the bag with the back of the hand, an indenta- 
tion will be formed in which the piece can be rested. 
The piece is now placed on the bag, and aimed by the 
instructor on some object, such as a wafer on the wall, 
being careful that the sights incline neither to the right 
or left. He now points out to his squad the two points 
which determine the line of sight; that is, the top of 
the front or muzzle sight, and the middle of the notch 
of the hausse or breech-sight. The instructor explains 
that aiming consists in bringing these two points, and 
the object aimed at, in the same right line. 

(8) 



A 10 U. 8. VOLUNTEER. 

Each man, in turn, placing himself behind the butt 
of the piece, without touching it, closing the left eye, 
looks through the middle of the notch of the breech- 
sight, over the top of the front sight, and on the center 
of the wafer upon which the line of sight was previous- 
ly directed, and satisfies himself that these three points 
are in the same right line, (see Plate 1). The instruc- 
tor will now derange the gun, and then call up each 
soldier in turn, who will aim the piece at the point in- 
dicated: he will criticize the aiming, pointing out to 
each of them their error or errors, if any are found, by 
making them see that the object aimed at is not in 
the line of sight, but that this line passes to the right, 
left, above, or below, as the case may be. After having 
rectified the aiming. of each soldier, the instructor will 
be careful to derange the piece. This exercise will be 
repeated; but, instead of the instructor rectifying errors 
himself, he will first call up the men of his squad in turn, 
and ask each if the line of sight passes to right, left, 
above, or below the point indicated, or whether the 
piece inclines to the right or left. When the men 
have expressed their opinions, the instructor will give 
his own, correcting thus all the errors which have 
been committed. The instructor will repeat this exer- 
cise as often as may be necessary. After each drill the 
instructor will enter, in a note book, good, medium, or 
bad aiming, opposite each man's name. 

Two drills, of two hours each, devoted to the first 
part of the instruction in aiming, will be sufficient to 
teach the generality of men the principles of aiming a 
gun with the raised sight down. 

In a third drill, the instructor will explain to his 
squad the use of the different parts of his piece, the 
rules for firing, the object and use of the raised sight, 
by tracing the following figure on a board, table or 



TARGET PRACTICE, 



11 



floor, Explain the line of fire is the 
axis of the gun indefinitely produced, 
that the ball describes a curved line 
during its flight, that the line of sight 
is a right line passing through the mid- 
dle of the notch of the rear sight and the 
top of the front sight, that the point-blank 
is the second intersection of the trajec- 
tory, or curve with the line of sight. 
Assuming the point blank of a gun with 
the hausse down, to be two hundred 
yards, he will explain to his squad, that 
to hit a man in the head at two hun- 
dred yards, aim at his head; at one 
hundred and fifty, at his throat; at one 
hundred at his chest, and so on. Thus 
with the assistance of a curved line, 
and a few simple remarks adapted to the 
comprehension of any man of ordinary 
intelligence, the squad will receive a les- 
son which many will find useful in prac- 
tice and but few will forget. The in- 
structor will from time to time during 
the drill, question the men, and satisfy 
himself that he is clearly understood. 
The instructor will also add, that by use 
of the hausse or raised sight, the num- 
ber of points blank are increased, and 
explain the reason. 

The fourth, fifth, and sixth drills that follow will take 
place on the drill-ground, and squads will be exercised 
in aiming at any distance between one hundred and one 
thousand yards, or up to that point for which the arm 
is sighted. Each company is provided with a target, 
and each squad with a bag partially filled with sand, 



12 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

and a tripod, formed of poles about six feet long, tied 
or fastened near the top. The tripod is placed in an 
upright position, the sand bag on the tripod, and the 
piece on the sand-bag. Each man aims his own gun, 
(see Plate 2). When he pronounces his piece correct- 
ly aimed, the instructor calls up the remainder of the 
squad in turn, to examine the piece and inform the in- 
structor in a low tone, how, in their opinion, the gun is 
sighted. The instructor notes down their answers in 
his note-book. He then examines the piece himself, 
pronounces how the gun is aimed, calls up those who 
answered incorrectly, and having satisfied them of their 
errors, requires the man who aimed the piece to cor- 
rect his mistake. At the end of the drill the instruc- 
tor will note good, medium, or bad aiming opposite 
each man's name. Should the captain of the company 
require it, the note-books used by the instructors during 
drill will be handed to him after drill. 



ARTICLE II. 

POSITION OF A SKIRMISHER AIMING STANDING. 

When the men can aim correctly from a rest, they 
will be instructed in the above position. 

Squads under arms will be formed in a single rank, 
with an interval of one pace between the files. 

. The instructor, facing the squad, will give the details 
of the position, executing the same himself as he des- 
cribes them. 

AIMING WITH SIGHT DOWN. 

The soldier having been brought to a ready, as pre- 
scribed in the School of the Soldier, the commands are, 



14 L. fi. VOLUNTEER, 

1, As a Skirmisher ; 2, Aim. 

At the second Command the piece is brought down 
as prescribed in the "Aim" School of the Soldier, but 
the right foot is carried fifteen inches to the rear of the 
left heel. 

As the instructor proceeds with the squad, he will di- 
rect those who have been instructed to exercise them- 
selves in taking the position, keeping it for an instant, 
and then abandoning it, repeating this as often as they 
can while the rest are being instructed. Men will be 
cautioned not to cock the piece when repeating the in- 
struction. The squad will now be exercised in aiming 
together, keeping them in the position long enough to 
confirm, but not long enough to fatigue them. This 
drill may be conducted in the quarters. In this case 
the instructor will drill but one man at a time; the re- 
mainder will exercise themselves in taking and aban- 
doning the position as he proceeds. Two drills will be 
given in the above exercise. One will suffice for sol- 
diers who have been previously instructed. 

During the drill, the soldier will not be required to 
eim. at any fixed point, the object being, that he may 
acquire with ease the position of a soldier, "aiming as a 
skirmisher, standing," and the habit of readily catching 
with his eye the two points which determine the line of 
sight. 

When the men are confirmed in the position described 
above, they will be exercised at aiming at a mark. 
First, with the sight down : one drill will be given to 
this exercise. Previous to the man's aiming, the in- 
structor will order him to direct the line of sight below 
the point to be aimed at; to raise the piece slowly until 
the line of sight is on the point designated, preserving 
his aim for an instant, keeping the body and gun imtno- 



TARGET PRACTICE. 15 

vable. During the first part of this drill the men will 
be instructed individually. 

To cease aiming the commands are, 

Cease — Aim ing. 

The piece is half cocked at this command and the 
men come to a shoulder. 

The men will now be exercised in aiming, using the 
hausse for ranges for which it is graduated, and the in- 
termediate ones. 



AIMING WITH THE SIGHT RAISED. 

Executed as in aiming with sight down, except that 
the hausse is regulated for the distance indicated by 
the thumb and first finger of the right hand, before that 
hand seizes the piece at the small of the stock. 

Two drills will be given to this exercise : during the 
first drill, the men will be instructed individually, com- 
mencing with the lower sights, and then causing the 
hausse to be raised gradually. 

The position of a soldier aiming as a skirmisher can- 
not always be taken exactly in the same manner, as it 
will be found necessary to lower the shoulder and arms 
in proportion as the hausse is elevated : without mo- 
ving the body, or inclining the head, the soldier by low- 
ering the shoulder and arms, can take any line of sight 
from 250 to 1000 yards. This will be found a good ex- 
ercise for the men. In order to aim at objects 800, 900, 
and 1000 yards distant, it is necessary to press the heel 
of the butt of the piece against the shoulder. If men 
have short necks, the position is constrained, and can- 
not be taken properly. Instructors perceiving this diffi- 
culty will exercise their judgment in requiring men to 



16 U. S. VOLTJNTEEK. 

take the position above designated when firing at these 
long ranges. 

During the second drill, squads formed on the drill- 
ground will be exercised in aiming together, using the 
different lines of sight for which the hausse is regula- 
ted. In this drill the bayonet will be fixed when aim- 
ing at distances less than 400 yards. 



ARTICLE III. 

POSITION OF A SOLDIER KNEELING AND AIMING AS A 
SKIRMISHER. 

The instruction will be given without times or motions. 
The instructor will command, 

" Take the position of a Skirmisher, Kneeling and 
Aiming" or "Cease Aiming." 
The instructor will detail the position of a skirmish- 
er kneeling and aiming, as follows. The -squad is sup- 
posed to be at shouldered arms, the files one pace apart. 
Take the position of "present-arms"; then carry the right 
foot to the rear and to the right of the left heel, and in a 
position convenient for placing the right knee upon the 
ground in bending the left leg; place the right knee 
upon the ground, lower the piece, the left forearm sup- 
ported upon the thigh on the same side, the right hand 
on the small of the stock, the butt resting on the right 
thigh, the left hand supporting the piece near the lower 
band. Move the right leg to the left, around the knee 
suppor/ed on the ground, until this leg is nearly perpen- 
dicular to the direction of the left foot, and thu3 
seat himself on the right heel. Raise the piece with 
the right hand and support it with the left, holding 
it near the lower band, the left elbow resting on 



TARGET PRACTICE. 17 

the left thigh near the knee. With the thumb and 
forefinger of the right hand regulate the hausse, if 
necessary; cock the piece, seize it with the right hand 
at the small of the stock, the right shoulder raised or 
lowered according to the position of the target, the 
right elbow nearly to the hight of the shoulder; aim at 
the point indicated, keeping the top of the muzzle-sight 
and the bottom of the notch of the hausse in the verti- 
cal plane of fire, the thumb of the right hand over the 
small of the stock, the last joint of the first finger of 
the right hand in front of but not touching the trigger, 
the other fingers of this hand grasping the small of 
the stock. The instructor, having taken, and detailed 
at the same time, the position of a skirmisher kneeling 
and aiming, will instruct the men in aiming from this 
position, in conformity with what has been prescribed 
in Article II. Two drills will be given to this exercise. 
One will suffice for soldiers previously instructed in 
the drill. 

ARTICLE IV. 

KEEPING THE PIECE STEADY WHEN THE TRIGGER IS PULLED. 

It is easy to preserve the aim until the trigger is 
pressed upon in order to discharge the piece; but, 
when this is done, the aim is maintained with difficulty. 
When pressing on the trigger, the line of sight is apt 
to be deranged : although properly directed before 
touching the trigger, it may not be so at the moment 
the discharge takes place. The report of the discharge 
of his piece should find the soldier still preserving his 
aim. The soldier will attain this if he holds his breath 
from the moment he commences to touch the trigger 
until the gun is discharged ; if he does not pull the 
trigger with a jerk, or suddenly, but increases the pres- 
2 



18 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

sure on the trigger by degrees ; if he places his finger 
in such a manner upon the trigger as to exercise its 
full force, pressing not on the extremity of the finger, 
but on the last joint, or as near this joint as the con- 
formation of the man will permit. The instructor, 
holding a gun in a convenient position similar to that 
of charge bayonet, will point out to each soldier in suc- 
cession the manner of pulling the trigger, which will 
be done with the first finger of the right hand as des- 
cribed above, the remaining fingers of this hand under 
and grasping the small of the stock, the thumb over 
the stock. 

The men repeat after the instructor, in succession, 
what he has just executed. After this has been re- 
peated as often as necessary, the instructor explains 
to his squad how they should manage in order to fire 
without deranging the position of the piece after bring- 
ing the line of sight to bear on an object. He will 
explain and execute this as follows, aiming as in 
Article II. 

Press upon the trigger by degrees with the last joint 
of the first finger of the right hand, closing the muscles 
of this finger without moving the arm, holding the 
breath, the sound of the discharge finding the soldier 
preserving the line of sight upon the point aimed at. 
Remain aiming an instant after the gun is discharged, 
to be assured that the object is still in the line of sight. 
In actual firing, it will be impossible to preserve the 
aim the instant the gun is discharged; but, should the 
gun hang fire, the soldier accustomed to remain an in- 
stant aiming will be more apt to make a good shot. 

The instructor should make the soldier understand 
that a good marksman is known by the steadiness with 
which he preserves his gun when it misses fire. 

The men will be made to take one, or the other, of 



TARGET PRACTICE. 19 

the positions of a soldier aiming, as laid down in 
Article II. They will be permitted to snap the gun 
without any commands being given to that effect. 
The instructor will indicate the distance, either as- 
sumed or real, of the target, and will see that the men 
use the sights corresponding to those distances. The 
instructor will command, for instance, "Take the po- 
sition of a ' skirmisher aiming standing' at 600 yards' 
aim. 

The exercise given in this article is considered of 
great importance. It will be repeated for four drills. 
Two will suffice for those men who have been pre- 
viously instructed. 

ARTICLE Y. 

SIMULATED FIRING WITH CAPS. 

This article is the same as the preceding, except 
that a cap will be used, and it will not be necessary 
to explain to the soldier the manner of pulling the 
trigger. Squads assembled in the quarters will be 
made to aim at a lighted candle, which will be placed 
three feet or more from the muzzle of the gun. The 
line of sight will be brought to bear below the flame ; 
then, gradually raising the piece until the line of sight 
is directly on the flame, the cap will be exploded: if 
the cone and barrel of the piece are perfectly clear, 
and the piece correctly sighted, the body kept steady 
when aiming and at the moment the cap explodes, the 
candle will be extinguished. Simulated firing with 
caps will be executed in two drills. Ten caps per 
man will be exploded at each drill ; eight caps stand- 
ing and two kneeling. 



20 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

ARTICLE VI. 

SIMULATED FIRING WITH BLANK CARTRIDGES. 

Firing with blank cartridges will be conducted in 
conformity with the principles laid down in the fore- 
going articles. The squad will be formed on the drill- 
ground as prescribed in Article II. The men will fire 
in succession at a target, placed, or supposed to be 
placed at different distances. The rules laid down in 
the foregoing articles relating to a soldier aiming will 
be strictly followed. This lesson will be executed in 
two drills ; ten cartridges will be fired per man at 
each drill; eight standing and two kneeling. 

The object of these drills is to accustom the men 
to preserve their aim when firing. 

ARTICLE VII. 

FIRING WITH BALL CARTRIDGES. 

Firing at a target with ball cartridges will be con- 
ducted in conformity with the principles for firing 
with blank cartridges. The target will be placed at a 
distance of 50 yards at first, and, in a book kept for 
that purpose, a record of the shots will be made, and 
the relative claims of the men as marksmen noted. 
The firing will be conducted at 100, 150, 200, and 
250 yards in a similar manner. Prizes for the best 
marksmen should bo procured, if practicable. 




'21) 



22 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 



ESTIMATING DISTANCES. 

To teach the men to estimate distances, the instruc- 
tor will form his men at the extremity of a line on which 
he has measured various distances. He will order four 
men to place themselves, the first 50 yards, the second 
100, the third 150, and the fourth 200 yards from him 
on the line. He will point out different parts of the 
dress, arms, equipments, and figure of the men on the 
line, such as can readily be distinguished at each of 
the distances mentioned, and such as can not be, and 
he points out the difference in the appearance of the 
same objects at these distances. He will direct his 
squad to notice that the men appear smaller the farther 
they are distant, although in reality they are nearly the 
same night. After sufficiently instructing them in this 
way, he will cause the four men to return to the squad, 
face the squad about, and send one man forward, di- 
recting him to halt at a given signal; then he faces the 
squad to the front again, calls each man to him in turn, 
directing them to give their estimates in a low voice, 
that no man may be influenced by the opinion of an- 
other. The distance is then measured, and faults cor- 
rected. The appearance of men at distances of 300, 
400, 500, and up to 1,000 yards will be taught in the 
same manner, and afterward the distance will be esti- 
mated by the appearances. 



•&xt Sfttnttft. 



FORxVIS OF PARADE. 

On all parades of ceremony, such as Reviews, Guard- 
mounting, afc Troop or Retreat parades, instead of the 
word "Rest" which allows the men to move or change 
the position of their bodies, the command will be 
" Parade — Rest ! " At the last word of this command, 
the soldier will carry the right foot six inches in rear 
of the left heel, the left knee slightly bent, the body 
upright upon the right leg; the piece resting against 
the hollow of the right shoulder, the hands crossed in 
front, the backs of Ihein outward, and the left hand 
uppermost. At the word " Attention!" the soldier 
will resume the correct position at ordered arms. In 
the positions here indicated, the soldier will remain 
silent and motionless; and it is particularly enjoined 
upon all officers to cause the commands above given, 
on the part of the soldier, to be executed with great 
briskness and spirit. 

Officers on all duties under arms are to have their 
swords drawn, without waiting for any words of com- 
mand for that purpose. 

I. DRESS PARADE. 

There shall be daily one dress parade, at troop or 
retreat, as the commanding officer may direct. 

(23) 



24 V, S. VOLUNTEER. 

A signal will be beat or sounded half an hour before 
troop or retreat, for the music to assemble on the regi- 
mental parade, and each company to turn out under 
arms on its own parade, for roll-call and inspection by 
its own officers. 

Ten minutes after that signal, the adjutant's call 
will be given, when the captains will march their com- 
panies (the band playing) to the regimental parade, 
where they take their positions in the order of battle. 
When the line is formed, the adjutant on the right 
of the line commands : 1. Guides. 2. Posts. The cap- 
tain of the first company, on notice from the adjutant, 
steps one pace to the front, and gives to his company 
the command, " Order — Arms ! Parade — Rest !" which 
is repeated by each captain in succession to the left. 
The adjutant takes post two paces on the right of the 
line ; the sergeant-major two paces on the left. The 
music will be formed in two ranks on the right of the 
adjutant. The senior officer present will take the 
command of the parade, and will take post at a suit- 
able distance in front, opposite the center, facing the 
line. 

When the companies have ordered arms, the adju- 
tant will order the music to beat ojf. t when it will com- 
mence on the right, beat in front of the line to the 
left, and back to its place on the right. 

When the music has ceased, the adjutant will step 
two paces to the front, face to the left, and command : 

]. Attention I 2. Battalion. 3. Shoulder — Arms. 4. Pre- 
pare to open ranks ! 5. To the rear ) open order I 
6. March. 

At the sixth command, the ranks will be opened ac- 
cording to the system laid down in the Infantry Tac- 



FORMS OF PARADS. 25 

tics, the commissioned officers marching to the front, 
the company officers four paces, field officers six paces, 
opposite to their positions in the order of battle, where 
they will halt and dress. The adjutant, seeing the 
ranks aligned, will command : 

Front ! 

and march along the front to the center, face to the 
right, and pass the line of company officers eight or 
ten paces, where he will come to the right-about, and 
command : 

Present — Arms ! 

when arms will be presented, officers saluting. 

Seeing this executed, he will face about to the com- 
manding officer, salute, and report, " Sir, the, parade 
is formed." The adjutant will then, on intimation to 
that effect, take his station three paces on the left of 
the commanding officer, one pace retired, passing 
round his rear. 

The commanding officer, having acknowledged the 
salute of the line by touching his hat, will, after the 
adjutant has taken his post, draw his sword, and com- 
mand: 

1. Battalion. 2. Shoulder — -Arms! 

and add such exercises as he may think proper, con- 
cluding with 

Order — Arms ! 

then return his sword, and direct the adjutant to re- 
ceive the reports. 

The adjutant will now pass round the right of the 
commanding officer, advance upon the line, halt mid- 



26 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

way between him and the line of company officers, 
and command: 

1. First Sergeants, to the front and center. 2. March! 

At the first command, they will shoulder arms as 
sergeants, march two paces to the front, and face in- 
ward. At the second command, they will march to 
the center, and halt. The adjutant will then order: 

1. Front 2. Report. 

At the last word, each in succession, beginning on the 
right, will salute by bringing the left hand smartly 
across the breast to the right shoulder, and report 
the result of the roll-call previously made on the com- 
pany parade. 

The adjutant again commands: 

1. First Sergeants, outward — Face! 2. To your 
posts — March ! 

when they will resume their places, and order arms. 
The adjutant will now face to the commanding officer, 
salute, report absent officers, and give the result of the 
first sergeants' reports. The commanding officer will 
next direct the orders to be read, when the adjutant 
will face about and announce : 

Attention to Orders. 

He will then read the orders. 

The orders having been read, the adjutant will face 
to the commanding officer, salute, and report; when, 



REVIEW. Z t 

on an intimation from the commander, he will face 
again to the line, and announce : 

Parade is dismissed. 

All the officers will now return their swords, face in- 
ward, and close on the adjutant, he having taken posi- 
tion in their line, the field officers on the flanks. The 
adjutant commands: 

1. Front I 2. Forward — March! 

when they will march forward, dressing on the center, 
the music playing, and when within six paces of the 
commander, the adjutant will give the word 

Halt! 

The officers will then salute the commanding officer 
by raising the hand to the cap, and there remain until 
he shall have communicated to them such instructions 
as he may have to give, or intimates that the ceremony 
is finished. As the officers disperse, the first sergeants 
will close the ranks of their respective companies, and 
march them to the company parades, where they will 
be dismissed, the band continuing to play until the 
companies clear the regimental parade. 

All field and company officers and men will be pres- 
ent at dress parades, unless especially excused, or on 
some duty incompatible with such attendance. 

A dress parade once a da}' will not be dispensed 
with, except on extraordinary and urgent occasions. 

II. REVIEW OF A BATTALION OF INFANTRY. 

Preparatory to a review, the adjutant will cause a 
camp-color to be placed 80 or 100 paces, or more, ac- 



28 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

cording to the length of the line, in front of, and oppo- 
site to, where the center of the battalion ivill rest, 
where the reviewing officer is supposed to take his 
station; and, although he may choose to quit that po- 
sition, still the color is to be considered as the point to 
which all the movements and formations are relative. 

The adjutant will also cause points to be marked, at 
suitable distances, for the wheelings of the divisions; 
so that their right flanks, in marching past, shall only 
be about four paces from the camp-color, where it is 
supposed the reviewing officer places himself to receive 
the salute. 

The battalion being formed in the order of battle, at 
shouldered arms, the colonel will command: 

1. Battalion, prepare for review I 2. To the rear ) open 
order. 3. March! 

At the word March, the field and staff officers dis- 
mount; the company officers and the color-rank ad- 
vance four paces in front of the front rank, and place 
themselves opposite to their respective places, in the 
order of battle. The color-guard replace the color- 
rank. The staff officers place themselves, according 
to rank, three paces on the right of the rank of com- 
pany officers, and one pace from each other; the music 
takes post as at parade. The non-commissioned staff 
take post one pace from each other, and three paces 
on the right of the front rank of the battalion. 

When the ranks are aligned, the colonel will com- 
mand; 

Front ! 

and place himself eight paces, and the lieutenant-colo- 
nel and major will place themselves two paces, in 



REVIEW. 29 

front of the rank of company officers, and opposite to 
their respective places in the order of battle, all facing 
to the front. 

When the reviewing officer presents himself before 
the center, and is fifty or sixty paces distant, the colo- 
nel will face about, and command : 

Present — Arms ! 

and resume his front. The men present arms, and 
the officers salute, so as to drop their swords with 
the last motion of the piece. The non-commissioned 
staff salute by bringing the sword to a poise, the hilt 
resting on the breast, the blade in front of the face, 
inclining a little outward. The music will play, and 
all the drums beat, according to the rank of the re- 
viewing officer. The colors only salute such persons 
as, from their rank, and by regulation, are entitled to 
that honor. If the reviewing officer be junior in rank 
to the commandant of the parade, no compliment will 
be paid to him, but he will be received with arms car- 
ried, and the officers will not salute as the column 
passes in review. — 

The reviewing officer having halted, and acknowl- 
edged the salute of the line by touching or raising his 
cap or hat, the colonel will face about and command: 

Shoulder — Arms ! 

when the men shoulder their pieces; the officers and 
non-commissioned staff recover their swords with the 
last motion, and the colonel faces to the front. 

The reviewing officer will then go toward the right, 
the whole remaining perfectly steady, without paying 
any further compliment, while he passes along the 



30 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

front of the battalion, and proceeds round the left 
flank, and along the rear of the file-closers, to the 
right. While the reviewing officer is going round the 
battalion, the band will play, and will cease when he 
has returned to the right flank of the troops. 

When the reviewing officer turns off, to place him- 
self by the camp-color in front, the colonel will face 
to the line and command : 

1. Close Order. 2. March! 

At the first command, the field and company officers 
will nice to the right-about, and at the second com- 
mand, all persons, except the colonel, will resume 
their places in the order of battle; the field and staff 
officers mount. 

The reviewing officer having taken his position near 
the camp-color, the colonel will command : 

1. By company, right wheel. 2. Quick — March. 3. Pass 

in review. 4. Column, for tear d. 5. Guide right. 

6. March J 

The battalion, in column of companies, right in front, 
will then, in common time, and at shouldered arms, be 
put in motion ; the colonel four paces in front of the 
captain of the leading company ; the lieutenant-colonel 
on a line with the leading compan} 7 ; the major on a 
line with the rear company; the adjutant on a line 
with the second company; the sergeant-major on a 
line with the company next preceding the rear — each 
six paces from the flank (left) opposite to the review- 
ing officer ; the staff officers in one rank, according to 
the order of precedency, from the right, four paces in 
rear of the column ; the music, preceded by the prin- 



REVIEW. 31 

cipal musician, six paces before the colonel ; the pio- 
neers, preceded by a corporal, four paces before the 
principal musician; and the quartermaster-sergeant 
two paces from the side opposite to the guides, and in 
line with the pioneers. 

All other officers and non-commissioned officers will 
march past in the places prescribed for them in the 
march of an open column. The guides and soldiers 
will keep their heads steady to the front in passing 
in review. 

The color-bearer will remain in the ranks while 
passing and saluting. 

The music will begin to play at the command to 
march, and after passing the reviewing officer, wheel 
to the left out of the column, and take a position oppo- 
site and facing him, and will continue to play until the 
rear of the column shall have passed him, when it will 
cease, and follow in the rear of the battalion, unless 
the battalion is to pass in quick time also, in which 
case it will keep its position. 

The officers will salute the reviewing officer when 
they arrive within six paces of him, and recover their 
swords when six paces past him. All officers, in salut- 
ing, will cast their eyes toward the reviewing officer. 

The colonel, when he has saluted at the head of the 
battalion, will place himself near the reviewing officer, 
and will remain there until the rear has passed, when 
he will rejoin the battalion. 

The colors will salute the reviewing officer, if en- 
titled to it, when within six paces of him, and be 
raised when the}' have passed by him an equal dis- 
tance. The drums will beat a march, or ruffle, ac- 
cording to the rank of the reviewing officer, at the 
same time that the colors salute. 

When the column has passed the reviewing officer, 



32 tJ. S. VOLUNTEER. 

the colonel will direct it to the ground it marched from, 
and command: 

Guide left, 

in time for the guides to cover. The column having 
arrived on its ground, the colonel will command : 

1. Column. 2. Halt! 

form it in order of battle, and cause the ranks to bo 
opened as prescribed p. 28. The review will termi- 
nate by the whole saluting as at the beginning. 

If, however, instructions have been previously given 
to march the troops past in quick time also, the colonel 
will, instead of changing the guides, halting the 
column, and wheeling it into line, as above directed, 
give the command: 

1. Quick time. 2. March! 

In passing the reviewing officer again, no salute will 
be offered by either officers or men. The music will 
have kept its position opposite the reviewing officer, 
and at the last command will commence playing, and 
as the column approaches, will place itself in front of, 
and march off with the column, and continue to play 
until the battalion is halted on its original ground of 
formation. The review will terminate in the same 
manner as prescribed above. 

The colonel will afterward cause the troops to per- 
form such exercises and manoeuvres as the reviewing 
officer may direct. 

When two or more battalions are to be reviewed, 
they will be formed in parade order, with the proper 
intervals, and will also perform the same movements 



REVIEW. 33 

that are laid down for a single battalion, observing 
the additional directions that are given for such move- 
ments when applied to the line. The brigadier-general 
and his staff, on foot, will place themselves opposite 
the center of the brigade ; the brigadier-general two 
paces in front of the rank of colonels; his aid two 
paces on his right, and one retired; and the other 
brigade staff officers, those having the rank of field 
officers, in the rank of lieutenant-colonels and majors; 
and those below that rank, in the rank of company 
officers. 

In passing in review, a major-general will be four 
paces in front of the colonel of the leading battalion 
of his division ; and the brigadier general will be on 
the right of the colonels of the leading battalions of 
their brigades; staff officers on the left of their 
generals. 

When the line exceeds two battalions, the review- 
ing officers may cause them to march past in quick 
time on]y. In such cases the mounted officers only 
will salute. 

A number of companies less than a battalion will 
be reviewed as a battalion, and a single company as 
if it were with the battalion. In the latter case, the 
company may pass in column of platoons. 

If several brigades are to be reviewed together, or 
in one line, this further difference will be observed: 
the reviewing personage, joined by the general of the 
division, on the right of his division, will proceed down 
the line, parallel to its front, and when near the briga- 
dier-generals respectively, will be saluted by their 
brigades in succession. The music of each, after the 
prescribed salute, will play while the reviewing per- 
sonage is in front, or in rear of it, and only then. 

In marching in review, with several battalions in 
3 



34 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

common time, the music of each succeeding battalion 
will commence to play when the music of the preced- 
ing one has ceased, in order to follow its battalion. 
When marching in quick time, the music will begin 
to play when the rear company of the preceding bat- 
talion has passed the reviewing officer. 

The reviewing officer or personage will acknowledge 
the salute by raising, or taking off, his cap or hat, 
when the commander of the troops salutes him; and 
also when the colors pass. The remainder of the 
time occupied by the passage of the troops he will be 
covered. 

The review of cavalry and artillery will be conducted 
on similar principles, and according to the systems of 
instruction for those arms of service. 



III. GUARD-MOUNTING. 

Camp and garrison guards will be relieved every 
twenty-four hours. The guards at outposts will ordi- 
narily be relieved in the same manner, but this must 
depend on their distances from camp, or other circum- 
stances, which may sometimes require their continuing 
on duty several clays. In such cases, they must be 
previously warned to provide themselves accordingly. 

At the first call for guard-mounting, the men warned 
for duty turn out on their company parades for inspec- 
tion by the first sergeants; and at the second call, 
repair to the regimental or garrison parade, conducted 
by the first sergeants. Each detachment, as it arrives, 
will, under the direction of the adjutant, take post on 
the left of the one that preceded it, in open order, arms 
shouldered, and bayonets fixed; the supernumeraries 
five paces in the rear of the men of their respective 
companies; the first sergeants in rear of them. The 



GUARD-MOUNTING. 35 

sergeant-major will dress the ranks, count the files, 
verify the details, and when the guard is formed, report 
to the adjutant, and take post two paces on the left of 
the front rank. 

The adjutant then commands front, when the officer 
of the guard takes post twelve paces in front of the 
center, the sergeants in one rank, four paces in the 
rear of the officers; and the corporals in one rank, 
four paces in the rear of the sergeants — all facing to 
the front. The adjutant then assigns their places in 
the guard. 

The adjutant will then command : 

1. Officer and non-commissioned officers. 2. About — 
Face. 3. Inspect your guards — March ! 

The non-commissioned officers then take their posts. 
The commander of the guard then commands: 

1. Order — Arms. 2. Inspection — Arms, 

and inspects his guard. When there is no commis- 
sioned officer on the guard, the adjutant will inspect 
it. During inspection the band will play. 

The inspection ended, the officer of the guard takes 
post as though the guard were a company of a bat- 
talion, in open order, under review; at the same time, 
also, the officers of the day will take post in front of 
the center of the guard ; the old officer of the day three 
paces on the right of the new officer of the day, one 
pace retired. 

The adjutant will now command: 

1. Parade — Best! 2. Troop — Beat off I 



36 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

when the music, beginning on the right, will beat down 
the line in front of the officer of the guard to the left, 
and back to its place on the right, where it will cease 
to play. 

The adjutant then commands : 

1. Attention ! 2. Shoulder — Arms ! 3. Close order— 
March ! 

At the word " close order," the officer will face about; 
at "march," resume his post in line. The adjutant 
then commands : 

Present — Arms ! 

at which he will face to the new officer of the day, 
salute and report, " Sir, the guard is formed" The 
new officer of the day, after acknowledging the salute, 
will direct the adjutant to march the guard in review, 
or by flank to its post. But if the adjutant be senior 
to the officer of the day, he will report without saluting 
with the sword then, or when marching the guard in 
review. 

In review, the guard march past the officer of the 
day, according to the order of review, conducted by 
the adjutant, marching on the left of the first division; 
the sergeant-major on the left of the last division. 

When the column has passed the officer of the day, 
the officer of the guard marches it to its post, the ad- 
jutant and sergeant-major retiring. The music, which 
has wheeled out of the column, and taken post opposite 
the officer of the day, will cease, and the old officer of 
the day salute, and give the old or standing orders to tho 
new officer of the day. The supernumeraries, at the 
game time, will be marched by the first sergeants to 
their respective company parades, and dismissed. 



GUARD-MOUNTING. 37 

In bad weather, or at night, or after fatiguing 
marches, the ceremony of turning off may be dis- 
pensed with, but not the inspection. 

Grand guards, and other brigade guards, are organ- 
ized and mounted on the brigade parade by the staff 
officer of the parade, under the direction bf the field 
officer of the day of the brigade, according to the prin- 
ciples here prescribed for the police guard of a regi- 
ment. The detail of each regiment is assembled on 
the regimental parade, verified by the adjutant, and 
marched to the brigade parade by the senior officer 
of the detail. After inspection and review, the officer 
of the day directs the several guards to their respect- 
ive posts. 

The officer of the old guard, having his guard pa- 
raded, on the approach of the new guard commands : 

Present — Arms ! 

The new guard will march, in quick time, past the 
old guard, at shouldered arms, officers saluting, and 
take post four paces on its right, where, being aligned 
with it, its commander will order : 

Present — Arms ! 

The two officers will then approach each other, and 
salute. They will then return to their respective 
guards, and command: 

1. Shoulder — Arms! 2. Order — Arms! 

The officer of the new guard will now direct the 
detail for the advanced guard to be formed and 
marched to its post, the list of the guard made and 



38 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

divided into three reliefs, experienced soldiers placed 
over the arms of the guard and at the remote and 
responsible posts, and the young soldiers in posts near 
the guard for instruction in their duties, and will him- 
self proceed to take possession of the guard-house or 
guard-tent, and the articles and prisoners in charge 
of the guard. 

During the time of relieving the sentinels and of 
calling in the small posts, the old commander will give 
to the new all the information and instructions relat- 
ing to his post. 

The first relief having been designated and ordered 
two paces to the front, the corporal of the new guard 
will take charge of it, and go to relieve the sentinels 
accompanied by the corporal of the old guard, who 
will take command of the old sentinels, when the whoU 
are relieved. 

If the sentinels are numerous, the sergeants are to 
"be employed, as well as the corporals, in relieving them. 

The relief, with arms at a support, in two ranks, 
will march by a flank, conducted by the corporal on 
the side of the leading front rank man ; and the men 
will be numbered alternately in the front and rear 
rank, the man on the right of the front rank being 
No. 1. Should an officer approach, the corporal will 
command carry arms, and resume the support arms 
when the officer is passed. 

The sentinels at the guard-house or guard-tent will 
"be the first relieved and left behind; the others are 
relieved in succession. 

When a sentinel sees the relief approaching, he will 
halt and face to it, with his arms at a shoulder. At 
six paces, the corporal will command : 

1. Belief. 2. Halt! 



GUARD-MOUNTING. 39 

when the relief will halt and carry arms. The cor- 
poral will then add, " No. 1," or "No. 2," or " No. 3," 
according to the number of the post: 

Arms — Port ! 

The two sentinels will, with arms at port, then ap- 
proach each other, when the old sentinel, under the 
correction of the corporal, will whisper the instruc- 
tions to the new sentinel. This done, the two senti- 
nels will shoulder arms, and the old sentinel will pass, 
in quick time, to his place in rear of the relief. The 
corporal will then command : 

1. Support — Arms! 2. Forward. 3. March! 

and the relief proceeds in the same manner until the 
whole are relieved. 

The detachments and sentinels from the old guard 
having come in, it will be marched at shouldered arms, 
along the front of the new guard, in quick time, the 
new guard standing at presented arms ; officers salut- 
ing, and the music of both guards beating, except at 
the outposts. 

On arriving at the regimental or garrison parade, 
the commander of the old guard will send the detach- 
ments composing it, under charge of the non-commis- 
sioned officers, to their respective regiments. Before 
the men are dismissed, their pieces will be drawn or 
discharged at a target. On rejoining their companions, 
the chiefs of squads will examine the arms, etc., of 
their men, and cause the whole to be put away in good 
order. 

When the old guard has marched off fifty paces, the 



40 U. S. VOLUNTEEE. 

officer of the new guard will order his men to stack 
their arms, or place them in the arm-racks. 

The commander of the guard will then make him- 
self acquainted with all the instructions for his post, 
visit the sentinels, and question them and the non- 
commissioned officers relative to the instructions they 
may have received from other persons of the eld guard. 



<s 



GUARDS. 



Sentinels will be relieved every two hours, unless 
the state of the weather, or other causes, should make 
it necessary or proper that it be done at shorter or 
longer intervals. 

The countersign, or watchword, is given to such per- 
sons as are entitled to pass during the night, and to 
officers, non-commissioned officers, and sentinels of 
the guard. 

The parole is imparted to such officers only as have 
a right to visit the guards, and to make the grand 
rounds ; and to officers commanding guards. 

As soon as the new guard has been marched off, 
the officer of the day will repair to the office of the 
commanding officer and report for orders. 

The officer of the day must see that the officer of 
the guard is furnished with the parole and countersign 
before retreat 

The officer of the day visits the guards during' the 
day at such times as he may deem necessary, and 
makes his rounds at night at least once after 12 o'clock. 

Commanders of guards leaving their posts to visit 
their sentinels, or on other duty, are to mention their 
intention, and the probable time of their absence, to 
the next in command. 

The officers are to remain constantly at their guards, 

(41) 



42 IT. S. VOLUNTEER. 

except while visiting their sentinels, or necessarily en- 
gaged elsewhere on their proper duty. 

Neither officers nor soldiers are to take off their 
clothing or accoutrements while they are on guard. 

The officer of the guard must see that the counter- 
sign is duly communicated to the sentinels a little 
before twilight. 

When a fire breaks out, or any alarm is raised in 
a garrison, all guards are to be immediately under 
arms. 

Inexperienced officers are put on guard as super- 
numaries, for the purpose of instruction. 

Sentinels will not take orders or allow themselves 
to be relieved, except by an officer or non-commis- 
sioned officer of their guard or party, the officer of 
the day, or the commanding officer; in which case, 
the orders will be immediately notified to the com- 
mander of the guard by the officer giving them. 

Sentinels will report every breach of orders or reg- 
ulations they are instructed to enforce. 

Sentinels must keep themselves on the alert, observ- 
ing everything that takes place within sight and hear- 
ing of their post. They will carry their arms habitually 
at support, or on either shoulder, but will never quit 
them. In wet weather, if there be no sentry-box, they 
will secure arms. 

No sentinel shall quit his post or hold conversation 
not necessary to the proper discharge of his duty. 

All persons, of whatever rank in the service, are 
required to observe respect toward sentinels. 

In case of disorder, a sentinel must call out the 
guard ; and if a fire take place, he must cry — " Fire /" 
adding the number of his post. If, in either case, the 
danger be great, he must discharge his piece, before 
calling out. 



GUARDS. 43 

It is the duty of a sentinel to repeat all calls made 
from posts more distant from the main body of the 
guard than his own, and no sentinel will be posted so 
distant as not to be heard by the guard, either directly 
or through other sentinels. 

Sentinels will present arms to general and field offi- 
cers, to the officer of the day, and to the commanding 
officer of the post. To all other officers they will carry 
arms. , 

When a sentinel in his sentry-box sees an officer 
approaching, he will stand at attention, and as the offi- 
cer passes will salute him, by bringing the left hand 
briskly to the piece, as high as the right shoulder. 

The sentinel at any post of the guard, when he sees 
any body of troops, or an officer entitled to compli- 
ment, approach, must call, "Turn out the guard!" 
and announce who approaches. 

Guards do not turn out as a matter of compliment 
after sunset; but sentinels will, when officers in uni- 
form approach, pay them proper attention, by facing 
to the proper front, and standing steady at shouldered 
arms. This will be observed until the evening is so 
far advanced that the sentinels begin challenging. 

After retreat (or the hour appointed by the com- 
manding officer,) until broad daylight, a sentinel chal- 
lenges every person who approaches him, taking, at 
the same time, the position of arms port. He will suf- 
fer no persons to come nearer than within reach of his 
bayonet, until the person has given the countersign. 

A sentinel, in challenging, will call out — " Who 
comes there V If answered — u Friend, with the coun- 
tersign" and he be instructed to pass persons with 
the countersign, he will reply — " Advance, friend, with 
the countersign!'' If answered — "Friends!" he will 
reply — u Halt , friends ! Advance one with the counter- 



44 



tl. S. VOLUNTEER. 



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46 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

sign!" If answered — "Relief" "Patrol" or "Grand 
rounds" he will reply — u Halt ! Advance, sergeant, 
(or corporal,) with the countersign !" and satisfy him- 
self that the party is what it represents itself to be. 
If he have no authority to pass persons with the coun- 
tersign, if the wrong countersign be given, or if the 
persons have not the countersign, he will cause them 
to stand, and call — "Corporal of the guard /" 

In the day time, when the sentinel before the guard 
sees the officer of the day approach, he will call — ■ 
"Turn out the guard! officer of the day." The guard 
will be paraded, and salute with presented arms. 

When any person approaches a post of the guard 
at night, the sentinel before the post, after challeng- 
ing, causes him to halt until examined by a non- 
commissioned officer of the guard. If it be the officer 
of the day, or any other officer entitled to inspect the 
guard and to make the rounds, the non-commissioned 
officer will call — "Turn out the guard!" when the 
guard will be paraded at shouldered arms, and the 
officer of the guard, if he thinks necessary, may de- 
mand the countersign and parole. 

The officer of the day, wishing to make the rounds, 
will take an escort of a non-commissioned officer and 
two men. When the rounds are challenged by a sen- 
tinel, the sergeant will answer- — "Grand rounds!" and 
the sentinel will reply — "Halt, grand rounds! Ad- 
vance, sergeant, with the countersign /" Upon which 
the sergeant advances and gives the countersign. The 
sentinel will then cry — "Advance, rounds!" and stand 
at a shoulder until they have passed. 

When the sentinel before the guard challenges, and 
is answered — "Grand rounds" he will reply — "Halt, 
grand rounds ! Turn out the guard ; grand rounds !" 
Upon which the guard will be drawn up at shouldered 



GENERAL ORDERS FOR A SENTINEL. 47 

arms. The officer commanding the guard will then 
order a sergeant and two men to advance ; when within 
ten paces, the sergeant challenges. The sergeant of 
the grand rounds answers — " Grand rounds!" The 
sergeant of the guard replies — "Advance, sergeant, 
with the countersign /" The sergeant of the rounds 
advances alone, gives the countersign, and returns to 
his round. The sergeant of the guard calls to his 
officer — " The countersign is right!" on which the 
officer of the guard calls — "Advance, rounds!^ The 
officer of the rounds then advances alone, the guard 
standing at shouldered arms. The officer of the rounds 
passes along the front of the guard to the officer, who 
keeps his post on the right, and gives him the parole. 
He then examines the guard, orders back his escort, 
and, taking a new one, proceeds in the same manner 
to other guards. 

All material instructions given to a sentinel on post 
by persons entitled to make grand rounds, ought to 
be promptly notified to the commander of the guard. 

Any general officer, or the commander of a post or 
garrison, may visit the guards of his command, and 
go the grand rounds, and be received in the same 
manner as prescribed for the officer of the day. 



GENERAL ORDERS FOR A SENTINEL. 

[Whenever a sentinel is required to give his orders 
to an officer authorised to receive them, he will answer 
as follows, giving in addition all the special orders he 
may have received.] 

My orders are to walk my post, and not to hold con- 
versation with any body, except regarding my duties ; 



48 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

to protect all public property in view; to salute all 
general and field officers, the commanding officer, and 
officer of the day, with a present, all other officers with 
a carry arms, from reveille until retreat, and after that, 
until " taps," to face to the proper front and stand atten- 
tion, at carry arms, to all officers. After " taps," I come 
to "arms port," to any one approaching my post, and 
challenge, passing all who have the countersign, and 
halting all other persons for the inspection of the cor- 
poral of the guard. 

In challenging, to call out, "Who comes there? 71 if 
answered, "Friend with the countersign" I will reply, 
"Advance, friend with the countersign ;" if answered, 
"Friends, with the countersign" I will reply, "Halt 
friends ! Advance one with the countersign ; " if an- 
swered, "'Relief" u Patrol" or "Grand rounds" I will 
reply, "-Halt! Advance sergeant (or corporal) with the 
countersign" and satisfy myself that the party is what 
it represents itself to be. If the wrong countersign is 
given, or persons have not the countersign, I will cause 
them to stand, and call for the corporal of the guard. 

I am not to allow myself to be relieved by any one ex- 
cept the commanding officer, officer of the day, and the 
officers and non-commissioned officers of the guard, and 
on no account must I leave my post until so relieved. 

In case of disorder near my post, I must call out the 

fuard, giving the number of my post. In case of fire, 
will cry u Fire" giving the number of my post, and 
if it is dangerous, I will also discharge my piece. I 
must be continually on the alert, observing everything 
that takes place within sight or hearing of my post ; 
must carry my piece at a support, or on either shoul- 
der, and never quit it. In wet weather, if not in a 
sentry-box, I must secure arms. 

[The sentinel at the guard-house "No. 1," will give 



WATCHWORDS — POLICE GUARD. 49 

the orders just prescribed, excepting he will say the 
following substitute for challenging after taps, etc.] 

In challenging, to call out, " Who comes there t" To 
any answer made, I will command, " Halt ! friend" or, 
" Halt! Relief" etc., according to the answer, and call 
for the corporal of the guard, who is to examine them, 
except in the case of grand rounds, when I must cry, 
"Turn out the guard! grand rounds" and No. 1 will 
add: Should 1 see an officer entitled to compliment 
approach my post, or a body of troops, between reveille 
and retreat, I will call out, "Turn out the guard, gen- 
eral in chief" "commanding general" "commanding 
officer" or "officer of the day" as the case may be. 

WATCHWORDS. 

The parole and countersign are issued daily from 
the principal headquarters of the command. The 
countersign is given to the sentinels and non-commis- 
sioned officers of guards; the parole to the commis- 
sioned officers of guards. The parole is usually the 
name of a general, the countersign of a battle. 

When the parole and countersign can not be com- 
municated daily to a post or detachment which ought 
to use the same as the main body, a series of words 
may be sent for some days in advance. 

If the countersign is lost, or one of the guard deserts 
with it, the commander on the spot will substitute 
another, and report the case at once to the proper su- 
perior, that immediate notice may be given to head- 
quarters. 

POLICE GUARD. 

In each regiment a police guard is detailed every 
day, consisting of two sergeants, three corporals, two 
drummers, and men enough to furnish the required 
4 



50 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

sentinels and patrols. The men are taken from all 
the companies, from each in proportion to its strength. 
The guard is commanded by a lieutenant, under the 
supervision of a captain, as regimental officer of the 
day. It furnishes ten sentinels at the camp: one over 
the arms of the guard ; one at the colonel's tent ; three 
on the color front, one of them over the colors ; three, 
fifty paces in rear of the field officers' tents ; and one 
on each flank, between it and the next regiment. If 
it is a flank regiment, one more sentinel is posted on 
the outer flank. 

An advanced post is detached from the police guard, 
composed of a sergeant, a corporal, a drummer, and 
nine men, to furnish sentinels and the guard over the 
prisoners. The men are the first of the guard roster 
from each company. The men of the advanced post 
must not leave it under any pretext. Their meals are 
sent to the post. The advanced post furnishes three 
sentinels ; two a few paces in front of the post, oppo- 
site the right and left wing of the regiment, posted so 
as to see as far as possible to the front, and one over 
the arms. 

In the cavalry, dismounted men are employed in 
preference on the police guard. The mounted men on 
guard are sent in succession, a part at a time, to groom 
their horses. The advanced post is always formed of 
mounted men. 

In each company, a corporal has charge of the sta- 
ble-guard. His tour begins at retreat, and ends at 
morning stable-call. The stable-guard is large enough 
to relieve the men on post every two hours. They 
sleep in their tents, and are called by the corporal 
when wanted. At retreat he closes the streets of the 
camp with cords, or uses other precautions to prevent 
the escape of loose horses. 



POLICE GUARD. 51 

The officer of the day is charged with the order and 
cleanliness of the camp ; a fatigue is furnished to him 
when the number of prisoners is insufficient to clean 
the camp. He has the calls beaten by the drummer 
of the guard. 

The police guard and the advanced post pay the 
same honors as other guards. They take arms when 
an armed body approaches. 

The sentinel over the colors has orders not to per* 
mit them to be moved except in presence of an escort; 
to let no one touch them but the color-bearer, or the 
sergeant of the guard when he is accompanied by two 
armed men. 

The sentinels on the color front permit no soldier to 
take arms from the stacks, except by order of some 
officer, or a non-commissioned officer of the guard. 
The sentinel at the colonel's tent has orders to warn 
him, day or night, of any unusual movement in or 
about the camp. 

The sentinels on the front, flanks, and rear, see that 
no soldier leaves camp with horse or arms unless con- 
ducted by a non-commissioned officer. They prevent 
non-commissioned officers and soldiers from passing 
out at night, except to go to the sinks, and mark if 
they return. They arrest, at any time, suspicious per- 
sons prowling about the camp, and at night, every one 
who attempts to enter, even the soldiers of other corps. 
Arrested persons are sent to the officer of the guard, 
who sends them, if necessary, to the officer of the day. 

The sentinels on the front of the advanced post have 
orders to permit neither non-commissioned officers nor 
soldiers to pass the line, without reporting at the ad- 
vanced post ; to warn the advanced post of the approach 
of any armed body, and to arrest all suspicious per- 
sons. The sergeant sends persons so arrested to tho 



52 TJ. S. VOLUNTEER. 

officer of the guard, and warns him of the approach of 
any armed body. 

The sentinel over the arms at the advanced post 
guards the prisoners and keeps sight of them, and suf- 
fers no one to converse with them without permission. 
They are only permitted to go to the sinks one at a 
time, and under a sentinel. 

If any one is to be passed out of camp at night, the 
officer of the guard sends him under escort to the ad- 
vanced post, and the sergeant of the post has him 
passed over the chain. 

At retreat, the officer of the guard has the roll of his 
guard called, and inspects arms, to see that they are 
loaded and in order; and visits the advanced post for 
the sane purpose. The sergeant of the police guard, 
accompanied by two armed soldiers, folds the colors 
and la}-s them on the trestle in rear of the arms. He 
sees that the sutler's stores are then closed, and the 
men les-ve them, and that the kitchen fires are put out 
at the appointed hour. 

The officer of the day satisfies himself frequently 
during the night, of the vigilance of the guard and ad- 
vanced post. He prescribes patrols and rounds to be 
made br the officer and non-commissioned officers of 
the gua:d. The officer of the guard orders them when 
he thir.ks necessary. He visits the sentinels fre- 
quently. 

At reveille the guard takes arms; the officer of the 
guard inspects it and the advanced post. The sergeant 
replants the colors in place. At retreat and reveille 
the advanced post takes arms ; the sergeant makes 
his report to the officer of the guard when he visits the 
post. 

When necessary, the camp is covered at night with 
small outposts, forming a double chain of sentinels. 



GRAND GUARDS. 53 

These posts are under the orders of the commander of 
the police guard, and are visited by his patrols and 
rounds. 

The officer of the guard makes his report of his 
tour of service, including the advanced post, and sends 
it, after the guard is marched off, to the officer of the 
day. 

When the regiment marches, the men of the police 
guard return to their companies, except those of the 
advanced post. In the cavalry, at the sound "boot 
and saddle," the officer of the guard sends one half the 
men to saddle and pack ; when the regiment assembles, 
all the men join it. 

When the camping-party precedes the regiment, 
and the new police guard marches with the camping- 
party, the guard, on reaching the camp, forms in line 
thirty paces in front of the center of the ground 
marked for the regiment. The officer of the guard 
furnishes the sentinels required by the commander of 
the camping-party. The advanced post takes its sta- 
tion. 

The advanced post of the old police guard takes 
charge of the prisoners on the march, and marches, 
bayonets fixed, at the center of the regiment. On 
reaching camp, it turns over the prisoners to the new 
advanced post. 

GRAND GUARDS AND OTHER OUTPOSTS. 

Grand guards are the advanced posts of a camp or 
cantonment, and should cover the approaches to it. 
'I heir number, strength, and position are regulated by 
the commanders of brigades; in detached corps, by the 
commanding officer. When it can be, the grand guards 
of cavalry and infantry are combined, the cavalry fur- 



54 TJ. S. VOLUNTEER. 

nishing the advanced sentinels. When the cavalry is 
•weak, the grand guards are infantry, but furnished 
with a few cavalry soldiers, to get and carry intelli- 
gence of the enemy. 

The strength of the grand guard of a brigade will 
depend on its object and the strength of the regiments, 
the nature of the country, the position of the enemy, 
and the disposition of the inhabitants. It is usually 
commanded by a captain. 

Under the supervision of the generals- of division 
and brigade, the grand guards are specially under the 
direction of a field officer of the day in each brigade. 
In case of necessity, captains may be added to the 
roster of lieutenant-colonels and majors for this detail. 

Staff officers, sent from division head-quarters to in- 
spect the posts of grand guards, give them orders only 
in urgent cases, and in the absence of the field officer 
of the day of the brigade. 

Grand guards usually mount at the same time as 
the other guards, but may mount before daybreak if 
the general of brigade thinks it necessary to double 
the outposts at that time. In this case they assemble 
and march without noise, and during their march 
throw out scouts; this precaution should always be 
taken in the first posting of a grand guard. The 
doubling of guards weakens the corps and fatigues 
the men, and should seldom be resorted to, and never 
when preparing to march or fight. 

A grand guard is conducted to its post, in the first 
instance, by the field officer of the day, guided by a 
staff officer who accompanied the general in his recon- 
noissance. After the post has been established, the 
commander sends to the field officer of the day, when 
necessary, a soldier of the guard to guide the reliev- 
ing guard to the post. He also sends to him in the 



GRAND GUARDS. §5 

evening a corporal or trusty man of the guard for the 
note containing the parole and countersign, and sends 
them before dark to the detached posts. He will not 
suffer his guard to be relieved except by a guard of 
the brigade, or by special orders. 

If there is no pass to be observed or defended, the 
grand guards are placed near the center of the ground 
they are to observe, on sheltered, and, if possible, high 
ground, the better to conceal their strength and observe 
the enemy ; they ought not to be placed near the edge 
of a wood. When, during the day, they are placed 
very near, or in sight of the enemy, they fall back at 
night on posts selected further to the rear. 

In broken or mountainous countries, and particu- 
larly if the inhabitants are ill-disposed, intermediate 
posts must be established when it is necessary to post 
the grand guard distant from the camp. 

Grand guards are chiefly to watch the enemy in 
front; their flanks are protected by each other, and 
the camp must furnish posts to protect their rear and 
secure their retreat. 

Grand guards are seldom intrenched, and never 
without the orders of the general, except by a barri- 
cade or ditch when exposed in a plain to attacks of 
cavalry. 

The general of division, if he thinks proper, changes 
the stations and orders of these guards, and establishes 
posts to connect the brigades or protect the exterior 
flanks. 

After a grand guard is posted, the first care of the 
commander and of the field officer of the day is to get 
news of the enemy; then to reconnoitre his position, 
and the roads, bridges, fords, and defiles. This recon- 
noissance determines the force and position of the 
email posts and their sentinels day and night. These 



56 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

posts ,. according to their importance, are commanded 
by officers or non-commissioned officers ; the cavalry 
posts may be relieved every four or eight hours. 

The commander of a grand guard receives detailed 
instructions from the general and field officer of the 
day of the brigade, and instructs the commanders of 
the small posts as to their duties and the arrangements 
for defense or retreat. The commanders of grand 
guards may, in urgent cases, change the positions of 
the small posts. If the small posts are to change their 
positions at night, they wait until the grand guard have 
got into position and darkness hides their movements 
from the enemy ; then march silently and rapidly under 
the charge of an officer. 

In detached corps, small posts of picked men are at 
night sent forward on the roads by which the enemy 
may attack or turn the position. They watch the forks 
of the roads, keep silence, conceal themselves, light no 
fires, and often change place. They announce the 
approach of the enemy by signals agreed upon, and 
retreat, by routes examined during the day, to places 
selected, and rejoin the guard at daybreak. 

Grand guards have special orders in each case, and 
the following in all cases : to inform the nearest posts 
and the field officer of the day, or the general of brig- 
ade, of the march and movements of the enemy, and 
of the attacks they receive or fear; to examine every 
person passing near the post, particularly those com- 
ing from without ; to arrest suspicious persons, and all 
soldiers and camp-followers who try to pass out with- 
out permission, and to send to the general, unless 
otherwise directed, all country people who come in. 

All out-guards stand to arms at night on the approach 
of patrols, rounds, or other parties ; the sentinel over 
the arms has orders to call them out. 



GRAND GUARDS. 57 

Advanced posts will not take arms for inspection or 
ceremony when it would expose them to the view of 
the enemy. 

Grand guards are often charged with the care and 
working of telegraphic signals. 

The sentinels and vedettes are placed on points from 
which they can see furthest, taking care not to break 
their connection with each other or with their posts. 
They are concealed from the enemy as much as possi- 
ble by walls, or trees, or elevated ground. It is gen- 
erally even of more advantage not to be seen than to 
see far. They should not be placed near covers, where 
the enemy may capture them. 

A sentinel should always be ready to fire ; vedettes 
carry their pistols or carbines in their hands. A sen- 
tinel must be sure of the presence of an enemy before 
he fires; once satisfied of that, he must fire, though all 
defense on his part be useless, as the safety of the post 
may depend on it. Sentinels fire on all persons desert- 
ing to the enemy. 

If the post must be where a sentinel on it can not 
communicate with the guard, a corporal and three men 
are detached for it, or the sentinels are doubled, that 
one may communicate with the guard. During the 
day the communication may be made by signals, such 
as raising a cap or handkerchief. At night sentinels 
are placed on low ground, the better to see objects 
against the sky. 

To lessen the duty of rounds, and keep more men on 
the alert at night, sentinels are relieved every hour. 
To prevent sentinels from being surprised, it is some- 
times well to precede the countersign by signals, such 
as striking the piece with the hand, striking the hands 
together, etc. 

On the approach of any one at night, the sentinel 



58 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

orders, "Hall!" If the order is not obeyed after once 
repeated, he fires. If obeyed, he calls, " Who goes 
there? 11 If answered "Rounds" or "Patrol" he says: 
"Advance with the countersign" If more than one 
advance at the same time, or the person who advances 
fails to give the countersign or signal agreed on, the 
sentinel fires and falls back on his guard. The senti- 
nel over the arms, as soon as his hail is answered, turns 
out the guard, and the corporal goes to reconnoitre. 
When it is desirable to hide the position of the senti- 
nel from the enemy, the hail is replaced by signals ; 
the sentinel gives the signal, and those approaching 
the counter signal. 

With raw troops, or when the light troops of the 
enemy are numerous or active, and when the country 
is broken or wooded, the night stormy or dark, senti- 
nels should be doubled. In this case while one watches, 
the other, called a flying sentinel, moves about, exam- 
ining the paths and hollows. 

The commandants of grand guards visit the sentinels 
often; change their positions when necessary; make 
them repeat their orders; teach them under what cir- 
cumstances and at what signals to retire, and particu- 
larly not to fall back directly on their guard if pursued, 
but to lead the enemy in a circuit. 

At night, half the men of the grand guard off post 
watch under arms, while the rest lie down, arms by 
their side. The horses are always bridled ; the horse- 
men hold the reins, and must not sleep. 

When a grand guard of cavalry is so placed as not 
to be liable to a sudden attack from the enemy, the 
general may permit the horses to be fed during the 
night, unbridling for this purpose a few at a time — the 
horsemen being vigilant to prevent them from escaping. 

An hour before break of day, infantry grand guards 



GRAND GUARDS. 59 

stand to arms, and cavalry mount. At the advanced 
posts, some of the infantry are all night under arms, 
some of the cavalry on horseback. 

The commander of a grand guard regulates the 
numbers, the hours, and the march of patrols and 
rounds, according to the strength of his troop and the 
necessity for precaution ; and, accompanied by those 
who are to command the patrols and rounds during 
the night, he will reconnoitre all the routes they are to 
follow. 

Patrols and rounds march slowly, in silence, and 
with great precaution ; halt frequently to listen and 
examine the ground. The rounds consist of an officer 
or non-commissioned officer, and two or three men. 

Toward break of day the patrols ought to be more 
frequent, and sent to greater distances. They examine 
the hollow-ways and ground likely to conceal an 
enemy, but with great caution, to avoid being cut off, 
or engaged in an unequal combat; if they meet the 
enemy, they fire and attempt to stop his march. .While 
the patrols are out, the posts are under arms. 

Cavalry patrols should examine the country to a 
greater distance than infantry, and report to the in- 
fantry guard everything they observe. The morning 
patrols and scouts do not return until broad daylight; 
and when they return, the night sentinels are with- 
drawn, and the posts for the day resumed. 

When patrols are sent beyond the advanced posts, 
the posts and sentinels should be warned. 

On their return, commanders of patrols report in 
regard to the ground and everything they have ob- 
served of the movements of the enemy, or of his posts, 
and the commandant of the grand guard reports to the 
field officer of the day. 



60 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

The fires of grand guards should be hidden by a 
wall, or ditch, or other screen. To deceive the 
enemy, fires are sometimes made on ground not occu- 
pied. Fires are not permitted at small posts liable to 
surprise. 

The horses of cavalry guards are watered or fed 
by detachments; during which the rest are ready to 
mount. 

If a body of troops attempt to enter the camp at 
night, unless their arrival has been announced, or the 
commander is known to, or is the bearer of a written 
order to the commander of the grand guard, he stops 
them, and sends the commander under escort to the 
field officer of the day, and warns the posts near 
him. 

Bearers of flags are not permitted to pass the outer 
chain of sentinels; their faces are turned from the 
post or army; if necessary, their eyes are bandaged; 
a non-commissioned officer stays with them to prevent 
indiscretion of the sentinels. 

The commandant of the grand guard receipts for dis- 
patches, and sends them to the field officer of the day 
or general of brigade, and dismisses the bearer; but 
if he has discovered what ought to be concealed from 
the enemy, he is detained as long as necessary. 

Deserters are disarmed at the advanced posts, and 
sent to the commander of the grand guard, who gets 
from them all the information he can concerning his 
post. If many come at night, they are received cau- 
tiously, a few at a time. They are sent in the morn- 
ing to the field officer of the day, or to the nearest post 
or camp, to be conducted to the general of the brigade. 
All suspected persons are searched by the commanders 
of the posts. 



GRAND GUARDS. 61 

When an enemy advances to attack, unless he is in 
too great force, or the grand guard is to defend an in- 
trenched post or a defile, it will take the positions and 
execute the movements to check the enemy, acting as 
skirmishers, or fighting in close or open order, as may 
be best. The guard joins its corps when in line, or 
when a sufficient number of troops have reached the 
ground it defends. 



f 



HONOKS TO BE PAID BY THE TROOPS. 

The President or Vice-President is to be saluted with 
the highest honors — all standards and colors dropping, 
officers and troops saluting, drums beating and trum- 
pets sounding. 

A General commanding-in-cMef is to be received— 
by cavalry, with sabers presented, trumpets sounding 
the march, and all the officers saluting, standards drop- 
ping; by infantry, with drums beating the march, 
colors dropping, officers saluting, and arms presented. 

A Major- General is to be received — by cavalry, with 
sabers presented, trumpets sounding twice the trumpet- 
flourish, and officers saluting ; by infantry,, with three 
ruffles, colors dropping, officers saluting, and arms 
presented. 

A Brigadier- General is to be received — by cavalry, 
with sabers presented, trumpets sounding once the 
trumpet-flourish, and officers saluting; by infantry, 
with two ruffles, colors dropping, officers saluting, and 
arms presented. 

An Adjutant- General or Inspector- General, if under 
the rank of a general officer, is to be received at a 
review or inspection of the troops under arms — by 
cavalry, with sabers presented, officers saluting; by 
infantry, officers saluting and arms presented. The 
same honors to be paid to any field-officer authorized 
(62) 



HONORS TO BE PAID BY THE TROOPS. 63 

to review and inspect the troops. When the inspect- 
ing officer is junior to the officer commanding the 
parade, no compliments will be paid; he will be re- 
ceived only with swords drawn and arms shouldered. 

All guards are to turn out and present arms to gen- 
eral officers as often as they pass them, except the 
personal guards of general officers, which turn out 
only to the generals whose guards they are, and to 
officers of superior rank. 

To commanders of regiments, garrison, or camp, 
their own guard turn out, and present arms once a day; 
after which, they turn out with shouldered arms. 

To the members of the Cabinet; to the Chief Justice, 
the President of the Senate, and Speaker of the House 
of Representatives of the United States ; and to Gov- 
ernors, within their respective States and Territories — 
the same honors will be paid as to a general command- 
ing-in-chief. 

Officers of a foreign service may be complimented 
with the honors due to their rank. 

American and Foreign Envoys or Ministers will be 
received with the compliments due to a major-general. 

The colors of a regiment passing a guard are to be 
saluted, the trumpets sounding, and the drums beating 
a march. 

When general officers, or persons entitled to a salute, 
pass in the rear of a guard, the officer is only to make 
his men stand shouldered, and not to face his guard 
about, or beat his drum. 

When general officers, or persons entitled to a salute, 
pass guards while in the act of relieving, both guards 
are to salute, receiving the word of command from the 
senior officer of the whole. 

All guards are to be under arms when armed parties 
approach their posts; and to parties commanded by 



64 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

commissioned officers, they are to present their arms, 
drums beating a march, officers saluting. 

No compliments by guards or sentinels will be paid 
between retreat and reveille, except as prescribed for 
grand rounds. 

All guards and sentinels are to pay the same com- 
pliments to the officers of the navy, marines, and 
militia, in the service of the United States, as are 
directed to be paid to the officers of the army, accord- 
ing to their relative ranks. 

It is equally the duty of non-commissioned officers 
and soldiers, at all times and in all situations, to pay 
the proper compliments to officers of the navy and 
marines, and to officers of other regiments, when in 
uniform, as to officers of their own particular regi- 
ments and corps. 

Courtesy among military men is indispensable to 
discipline, Respect to superiors will not be confined 
to obedience on duty, but will be extended to all oc- 
casions. It is always the duty of the inferior to accost 
or to offer first the customary salutation, and of the 
superior to return such complimentary notice. 

Sergeants, with swords drawn, will salute by bring- 
ing them to a present — with guns, by bringing the left 
hand across the body, so as to strike the piece near 
the right shoulder. Corporals out of the ranks, and 
privates not sentries, will carry their pieces at a 
shoulder as sergeants, and salute in like manner. 

When a soldier without arms, or with side-arms only, 
meets an officer, he is to raise his hand to the right 
side of the visor of his cap, palm to the front, elbow 
raised as high as the shoulder, looking at the same 
time in a respectful and soldier-like manner at the 
officer, who will return the compliment thus offered. 

A non-commissioned officer or soldier being seated, 



SALUTES 



65 



and without particular occupation, will rise on the 
approach of an officer, and make the customary salu- 
tation. If standing, he will turn toward the officer for 
the same purpose. If the parties remain in the same 
place or on the same ground, such compliments need 
not be repeated. 

SALUTES. 

The national salute is determined by the number of 
States composing the Union, at the rate of one gun 
for each State. 

The President of the United States alone is to re- 
ceive a salute of twenty-one guns. 

The Vice-President is to receive a salute of seven- 
teen guns. 

The Heads of the great Executive Department of 
the National Government ; the General commanding 
the army; the Governors of States and Territories^ 
within their respective jurisdictions, fifteen guns. 

A Major- General, thirteen guns. 

A Brigadier- General, eleven guns. 

Foreign ships of war will be saluted in return for 
a similar compliment, gun for gun, on notice being 
officially received of such intention. If there be sev- 
eral posts in sight of, or within six miles of each other, 
the principal only shall reciprocate compliments with 
ships passing. 

Officers of the Navy will be saluted according to re- 
lative rank. 

Foreign Officers invited to visit a fort or post may 
be saluted according to their relative rank. 

Envoys and Ministers of- the United States and for- 
eign powers are to be saluted with thirteen guns. 

A General officer will be saluted but once in a year 
5 



66 V. S. YOLTJNTEER, 

at each post, and only when notice of his intention 
to visit the post has been given. 

Salutes to individuals are to be fired on their arrival 
only. 

A national salute will be fired at meridian on the 
anniversary of the Independence of the United States, 
at each military post and camp provided with artil- 
lery and ammunition. 

ESCORTS OF HONOR. 

Escorts of honor may be composed of cavalry or in- 
fantry, or both, according to circumstances. They are 
guards of honor for the purpose of receiving and es- 
corting personages of high rank, civil or military. The 
troops for this purpose will be selected for their sol- 
dierly appearance and superior discipline. 

The escort will be drawn up in line, the center 
opposite to the place where the personage presents 
himself, with an interval between the wings to receive 
him and his retinue. On his appearance, he will be 
received with the honors due to his rank. When he 
has taken his place in the line, the whole will be wheeled 
into platoons or companies, as the case may be, and take 
up the march. The same ceremony will be observed, 
and the same honors paid, on his leaving the escort. 

When the position of the escort is at a considerable 
distance from the point where he is expected to be re- 
ceived, as, for instance, where a court-yard or wharf 
intervenes, a double line of sentinels will be posted 
from that point to the escort, facing inward, and the 
sentinels will successively salute as he passes. 

An officer will be appointed to attend him, to bear, 
such communications as he may have to make to the 
commander of the escort 



FUNERAL HONORS. 67 



FUNERAL HONORS. 

On the receipt of official intelligence of the death 
of the President of the United States, at any post or 
camp, the commanding officer shall, on the following 
day, cause a gun to be fired at every half hour, be- 
ginning at sunrise, and ending at sunset. When posts 
are contiguous, the firing will take place at the post 
only commanded by the superior officer. 

On the day of the interment of a General command- 
ing-in-chief, a gun will be fired at every half hour, 
until the procession moves, beginning at sunrise. 

The funeral escort of a General commanding -in-chief 
shall consist of a regiment of infantry, a squadron of 
cavalry, and six pieces of artillery. 

That of a Major- General, a regiment of infantry, a 
squadron of cavalry, and four pieces of artillery. 

That of a Brigadier- General, a regiment of infantry, 
one company of cavalry, and two pieces of artillery. 

That of a Colonel, a regiment. 

That of a Lieutenant- Colonel, six companies. 

That of a Major, four companies. 

That of a Captain, one company. 

That of a Subaltern, half a company. 

The funeral escort shall always be commanded by 
an officer of the same rank with the deceased; or, if 
none such be present, by one of the next inferior 
grade. 

The funeral escort of a non-commissioned staff offi- 
cer shall consist of sixteen rank and file, commanded 
by a sergeant. 

That of a sergeant, of fourteen rank and file, com- 
manded by a sergeant. 

That of a corporal, of twelve rank and file, com* 
manded by a corporal ; and, 



68 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

That of a private, of eight rank and file, commanded 
by a corporal. 

The escort will be formed in two ranks, opposite to 
the quarters or tent of the deceased, with shouldered 
arms and bayonets unfixed; the artillery and cavalry 
on the right of the infantry. 

On the appearance of the corpse, the officer com- 
manding the escort will command : 

Present — Arms ! 

when the honors due to the deceased will be paid by 
the drums and trumpets. The music will then play an 
appropriate air, and the coffin will then be taken to 
the right, where it will be halted. The commander 
will next order : 

1. Shoulder — Arms ! 2. By company {or platoon), left 

wheel. 3. March ! 4. Reverse — Arms ! 5. Column, 

forward. 6. Guide right. 7. March ! 

The arms will be reversed at the order by bringing 
the piece under the left arm, butt to the front, barrel 
downward, left hand sustaining the cock, the right 
steadying the piece behind the back; swords are re- 
versed in a similar manner under the right arm. 

The column will be marched in slow time to solemn 
music, and, on reaching the grave, will take a direction 
so as that the guides shall be next to the grave. When 
the center of the column is opposite the grave, the 
commander will order: 

1. Column. 2. Halt ! 3. Right into line, wheel 
4. March! 



FUNERAL HONORS. 69 

The coffin is then brought along the front, to the oppo- 
site side of the grave, and the commander then orders : 

1. Shoulder — Arms! 2. Present — Arms! 

And when the coffin reaches the grave, he adds : 

1. Shoulder — Arms! 2. Rest on — Arms! 

The rest on arms is done by placing the muzzle on 
the left foot, both hands on the butt, the head on the 
hands or bowed, right knee bent. 

After the funeral service is performed, and the coffin 
is lowered into the grave, the commander will order : 

1. Attention ! 2. Shoulder — Arms ! 3. Load at will. 
4. Load! 

when three rounds of small arms will be fired by the 
escort, taking care to elevate the pieces. 

This being done, the commander will order : 

1. By company, (or platoon) right wheel 2. March ! 
3. Column forward. 4. Guide left 5. Quick — March! 

The music will not begin to play until the escort is 
clear of the in closure. 

When the distance to the place of interment is con- 
siderable, the escort may march in common time and 
in column of route, after leaving the camp or garrison, 
and till it approaches the burial-ground. 

The pall-bearers, six in number, will be selected 
from the grade of the deceased, or from the grade or 
grades next above or below it. 

At the funeral of an officer, as many in commission. 



70 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

of the armj, division, brigade, or regiment, according 
to the rank of the deceased, as can conveniently be 
spared from other duties, will join in procession in 
uniform, and with side-arms. The funeral of a non- 
commissioned officer or private will be attended, in 
like manner, by the non-commissioned officers or pri- 
vates of the regiment or company, according to the 
rank of the deceased, with side-arms only. 

Persons joining in the procession follow the coffin 
in the inverse order of their rank. 

The usual badge of military mourning is a piece 
of black crape around the left arm, above the elbow, 
and also upon the sword-hilt ; and will be worn when 
in full or in undress. 

As family mourning, crape will be worn by officers 
(when in uniform) only around the left arm. 

The drums of a funeral escort will be covered with 
black crape, or thin black serge. 

Funeral honors will be paid to deceased officers 
without military rank according to their assimilated 
grades. 



INSPECTIONS OF THE TROOPS. 

The inspection of troops, as a division, regiment, or 
other body composing a garrison or command, not less 
than a company, will generally be preceded by a review. 

There will be certain periodical inspections, to wit : 

1. The commanders of regiments and posts will 
make an inspection of their commands on the last day 
of every month. 

2. Captains will inspect their companies every Sun- 
day morning. No soldier will be excused from Sunday 
inspection except the guard, the sick, and the neces- 
sary attendants in the hospital. 

3. Medical officers having charge of hospitals will 
also make a thorough inspection of them every Sunday 
morning. 

4. Inspection when troops are mustered for pay- 
ment. 

Besides these inspections, frequent visits will be 
made by the commanding officer, company and medi- 
cal officers, during the month, to the men's quarters, 
the hospital, guard-house, etc. 

FORM OF INSPECTION. 

The present example embraces a battalion of in- 
fantry. The inspecting officer and the field and staff 
officers will be on foot. 

mi 



72 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

The battalion being in the order of battle, the colo- 
nel will cause it to break into open column of com- 
panies, right in front He will next order the ranks 
to be opened, when the color-rank and color-guard, 
under the direction of the adjutant, will take post ten 
paces in front, and the band ten paces in rear of the 
column. 

The colonel, seeing the ranks aligned, will com- 
mand: 

1. Officers and sergeants, to the front of your compa- 
nies. 2. March! 

The officers will form themselves in one rank, eight 
paces, and the non-commissioned officers in one rank, 
six paces, in advance, along the whole fronts of their 
respective companies, from right to left, in the order 
of seniority ; the pioneers and music of each company, 
in one rank, two paces behind the non-commissioned 
officers. 

The colonel will next command : 

Field and staff ) to the front — March! 

The commissioned officers thus designated will form 
themselves in one rank, on a line equal to the front of 
the column, six paces in front of the colors, from right 
to left, in the order of seniority; and the non-commis- 
sioned staff, in a similar manner, two paces in rear of 
the preceding rank. The colonel, seeing the move- 
ment executed, will take post on the right of the lieu- 
tenant-colonel, and wait the approach of the inspecting 
officer. But such of the field officers as may be supe- 
rior in rank to the inspector will not take post in front 
of the battalion. 



FORM OF INSPECTION, 73 

The inspector will commence in front. After in- 
specting the dress and general appearance of the field 
and commissioned staff under arms, the inspector, ac- 
companied by these officers, will pass down the open 
column, looking at every rank in front and rear. 

The colonel will now command: 

1. Order arms. 2. Rest ! 

when the inspector will proceed to make a minute in- 
spection of «the several ranks or divisions, in succes- 
sion, commencing in front. 

As the inspector approaches the non-commissioned 
staff, color-rank, the color-guard, and the band, the ad- 
jutant will give the necessary orders for the inspection 
of arms, boxes, and knapsacks. The colors will be 
planted firm in the ground, to enable the color-bearers 
to display the contents of their knapsacks. The non- 
commissioned staff may be dismissed as soon as in- 
spected; but the color-rank and color-guard will remain 
until the colors are to be escorted to the place from 
which they were taken. 

As the inspector successively approaches the com- 
panies, the captains will command : 

1. Attention. 2. Company. 3. Inspection — Arms. 

The inspecting officer will then go through the whole 
compan} r , and minutely inspect the arms, accoutre- 
ments, and dress of each soldier. After this is done, 
the captain will command 

Open — Boxes ! 

when the ammunition and the boxes will be examined. 



74 V. S. VOLUNTEER. 

The captain will then command: 

1. Shoulder — Arms ! 2. Close order. 

3. March ! 4. Order — Arms ! 

5. Stack — Arms ! 6. To the rear, open order. 

7. March ! 8. Front rank — About — Face ! 

9. Unsling — Knapsacks. 10. Open — Knapsacks. 

The sergeants will face inward at the 2d command, 
and close upon the center at the 3d, and stack their 
arms at the 5th command; at the 6th command they 
face outward, and resume their positions at the 7th. 
When the ranks are closed, preparatory to take arms, 
the sergeants will also close upon the center, and at 
the word, take their arms and resume their places. 

The knapsacks will be placed at the feet of the men, 
the -flaps from them, with the great-coats on the flaps, 
and the knapsacks leaning on the great-coats. In this 
position the inspector will examine their contents, or 
so many of them as he may think necessary, com- 
mencing with the non-commissioned officers, the men 
standing at attention. 

When the inspector has passed through the com- 
pany, the captain will command : 

Re-pack — Knapsacks ; 

when each soldier will re-pack and buckle up his knap- 
sack, leaving it on the ground, the number upward, 
turned from him, and then stand at rest. 
The captain will then command: 

1. Attention. 2. Company. 3. Sling — Knapsacks. 

At the word sling, each soldier will take his knapsack, 



FORMS OF INSPECTION. 75 

holding it by the inner straps, and stand erect; at the 
last word he will replace it on his back. The captain 
will continue, 

4. Front rank — About — Face ! 5. Close order. 
6. March! 7. Take — Arms! 

8. Shoulder — Arms! 9. Officers and Sergeants, to 
your posts. 10. March! 

and will cause the company to file off to their tents 
or quarters, except the company that is to re-escort 
the colors, which will await the further orders of the 
colonel. 

In an extensive column, some of the rearmost com- 
panies may, after the inspection of dress and general 
appearance, be permitted to stack arms ) until just be- 
fore the inspector approaches them, when they will be 
directed to take arms and resume their position. 

The inspection of the troops being ended, the field 
and staff will next accompany the inspector to the 
hospital, magazine, arsenal, quarters, sutler's shop, 
guard-house, and such other places as he may think 
proper to inspect. The captains and subalterns repair 
to their companies and sections to await th-e inspector. 

The hospital being at all times an object of partic- 
ular interest, it will be critically and minutely in- 
spected. 

The men will be formed in the company quarters 
in front of their respective bunks, and on the entrance 
of the inspector the word Attention! will be given by 
the senior non-commissioned officer present, when the 
whole will salute with the hand, without uncovering. 

The inspector, attended by the company officers, will 
examine the general arrangement of the interior of 
the quarters, the bunks, bedding, cooking, and table 



76 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

utensils, and such other objects as may present them- 
selves ; and afterward the exterior. 

The adjutant will exhibit to the inspector the regi- 
mental books and papers, including those relating to 
the transactions of the Council of Administration. The 
company books and papers will also be exhibited, the 
whole together, generally at the adjutant's office, and 
in the presence of the officers not otherwise particu- 
larly engaged. 

The inspector will examine critically the books and 
accounts of the administrative and disbursing officers 
of the command, and the money and property in their 
keeping. 

The inspection of cavalry and artillery will conform 
to the principles laid down in the foregoing paragraphs, 
regard being had to the system of instruction for those 
arms of service respectively. 

MUSTERS. 

The musters will be made by an Inspector-General, 
if present, otherwise by an officer specially designated 
by the Commander of the Army, Division, or Depart- 
ment; and in absence of either an Inspector-General 
or officer specially designated, the muster will be made 
by the commander of the post. 

When one inspecting officer can not muster all the 
troops himself on the day specified, the commanding 
officer will designate such other competent officers as 
may be necessary, to assist him. 

All stated musters of the troops shall be preceded 
by a minute and careful inspection in the prescribed 
mode ; and if the command be more than a company, 
by a review, before inspection. 

The mustering officer having inspected the compa- 



MUSTERS. 77 

nies in succession, beginning on the right, returns to 
the first company to muster it. The company being 
at ordered arms, with open ranks, as when inspected, 
the captain will, as the mustering officer approaches, 
command : 

1. Attention. 2. Company! 3. Shoulder — Arms 
4. Support — Arms! 

The mustering officer will then call over the names 
on the roll, and each man, as his name is called, will 
distinctly answer Here ! and bring his piece to a carry 
and to an order. 

After each company is mustered, the captain will 
order it to be marched to the company parade, and 
there dismissed to quarters to await the inspector's 
visit. 

After mustering the companies, the mustering offi- 
cer attended by the company commanders, will visit 
the guard and hospital, to verify the presence of the 
men reported there. 

The muster and pay-rolls will be made on the printed 
forms furnished from the adjutant-general's office, and 
according to the directions given on them. On the 
muster-rolls companies are designated by the name of 
the captain, whether present or absent. The pay-roll 
is left blank, to be filled by the paymaster. 

One copy of each muster-roll will be transmitted by 
the mustering officer to the adjutant-general's office 
in the War Department within three days after the 
muster. 



BANK AND COMMAND. 

Rank of officers and non-commissioned officers : 

1st. Lieutenant-General. 10th. Cadet. 

2d. Major-General. 11th. Sergeant-Major. 

3d. Brigadier-General. 12th. Quartermaster-Ser- 
4th. Colonel. geant of a Regiment. 

5th. Lieutenant-Colonel. 13th. Ordnance-Sergeant 
6th. Major. and Hospital Steward. 

7th. Captain. 14th. First Sergeant. 

8th. First Lieutenant. 15th. Sergeant. 

9th. Second Lieutenant. 16th. Corporal. 

And in each grade by date of commission or appoint- 
ment. 

When commissions are of the same date, the rank 
is to be decided, between officers of the. same regiment 
or corps by the order of appointment; between officers 
of different regiments or corps : 1st, by rank in ac- 
tual service when appointed ; 2d, by former rank and 
service in the army or marine corps; 3d, by lottery 
among such as have not been in the military service 
of the United States. In case of equality of rank by 
virtue of a brevet commission, reference is had to com- 
missions not brevet. 
(78) 



REGULATIONS FOR THE UNIFORM AND DRESS OF 
THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

GENERAL ORDERS, } WAR DEPARTMENT, 

~ fi >- Adjutant General's Office, 

J Washington, March 13, 1861. 

The uniform, dress and horse equipments of the 
Army having been changed in many respects since the 
"General Regulations" of 1857, the following descrip- 
tion of them is published for the information of all con- 
cerned : 

coat. 

For Commissioned Officers. 

1. All officers shall wear a frock coat of dark blue 
cloth, the skirt to extend from two-thirds to three-fourths 
of the distance from the top of the hip to the bend of 
the knee; single-breasted for captains and lieutenants; 
double-breasted for all other grades. 

2. For a Major -General — two rows of buttons on the 
breast, nine in each row, placed by threes; the distance 
between each row, five and one-half inches at top, and 
three and one-half inches at bottom ; stand-up collar, to 
rise no higher than to permit the chin to turn freely 
over it, to hook in front at the bottom, and slope thence 
up and backward at an angle of thirty degrees on each 

(79) 



80 V. 8. VOLUNTEER. 

side; cuffs two nnd one-half inches deep to go around 
the sleeves parallel with the lower edge, and to button 
with three small buttons at the under seam; pockets in 
the folds of the skirts, with one button at the hip, and 
one at the end of each pocket, making four buttons on 
the back and skirt of the coat, the hip button to range 
with the lowest buttons on the breast; collar and cuffs 
to be of dark blue velvet; lining of the coat black. 

3. For a Brigadier- General — the same as for a major- 
general, except that there will be only eight buttons in 
each row on the breast, placed in pairs. 

4. For a Colonel — the same as for a major-general, ex- 
cept that there will be only seven buttons in each row on 
the breast, placed at equal distances ; collar and cuffs of 
the same color and material as the coat. 

5. For a Lieutenant- Colonel — the same as for a colonel. 

6. For a Major — the same as for a colonel. 

7. For a Captain — the same as for a colonel, except 
that there will be only one row of nine buttons on the 
breast, placed at equal distances. 

8. For a First Lieutenant — the same as for a captain. 

9. For a Second Lieutenant — the same as for a captain. 

10. For a Brevet Second Lieutenant— the same as for 
a captain. 

11. A round jacket, according to pattern, of dark blue 
cloth, trimmed with scarlet, with the Russian shoulder- 
knot, the prescribed insignia of rank to be worked in 
silver in the center of the knot, may be worn on undress 
duty by officers of Light Artillery. 

For Enlisted Men, 

12. The uniform coat for all enlisted foot men shall 
be a single-breasted frock of dark blue cloth, made with- 
out plaits, with a skirt extending one-half the distance 
from the top of the hip to the bend of the knee; one 
row of nine buttons on the breast, placed at equal dis- 



UNIFORM AND DRESS. 81 

tances ; stand-up collar, to rise no higher than to permit 
the chin to turn freely over it, to hook in front at the 
bottom, and then to slope up and backward at an angle 
of thirty degrees on each side; cuffs pointed according 
to pattern, and to button with two small buttons at the 
under seam; collar and cuffs edged with a cord, or welt 
of cloth, as follows, to wit : Scarlet for Artillery ; sky 
blue for Infantry; yellow for Engineers; crimson for 
Ordnance and Hospital stewards. On each shoulder a 
metallic scale according to pattern; narrow lining for 
skirt of the coat of the same color and material as the 
coat; pockets in the folds of the skirts with one button 
at each hip, to range with the lowest buttons on the 
breast ; no buttons at the ends of the pockets. 

13. All Enlisted Men of the Dragoons, Cavalry, Mounted 
Riflemen, and Light Artillery, shall wear a uniform jacket 
of dark blue cloth, with one row of twelve small buttons 
on the breast, placed at equal distances; stand-up collar 
to rise no higher than to permit the chin to turn freely 
over it, to hook in front at the bottom, and to slope the 
same as the coat collar; on the collar, on each side, two 
blind button-holes of lace, three-eighths of an inch wide, 
one small button on the button-hole, lower button-hole 
extending back four inches, upper button-hole three and 
a half inches ; top button and front ends of collar bound 
with lace three-eighths of an inch wide, and a strip of 
the same extending down the front and around the whole 
lower edge of the jacket; the back seam laced with the 
same, and on the cuff, a point of the same shape as that 
on the coat, but formed of the lace ; jacket to extend to 
the waist, and to be lined with white flannel; two small 
buttons at the under seam of the cuff, as on the coat 
cuff; one hook and eye at the bottom of the collar ; color 
of lace, (worsted,) orange for Dragoons, yellow for Cav- 
alry, green for Riflemen, and scarlet for Light Artillery. 

14. For all Musicians — the same as for other enlisted 
men of their respective corps, with the addition of a 

6 



82 17. S. VOLUNTEER. 

facing of lace three-eighths of an inch wide on the front 
of the coat or jacket, made in the following manner: 
bars of three-eighths of an inch, worsted lace, placed on a 
line with each button, six and one-half inches wide at 
the bottom, and thence gradually expanding upward to 
the last button, counting from the waist up, and con- 
tracting from thence to the bottom of the collar, where 
it will be six and one-half inches wide, with a strip of the 
same lace following the bars at their outer extremity — 
the whole presenting something of what is called the 
herring-bone form; the color of the lace facing to cor- 
respond with the color of the trimming of the corps. 

15. For Fatigue Purposes — a sack coat of dark blue 
flannel extending half way down the thigh, and made 
loose, without sleeve or body lining, falling collar, inside 
pocket on the left side, four coat buttons down the front. 

16. For Recruits — the sack coat will be made with 
sleeve and body lining, the latter of flannel. 

17. On all occasions of duty, except fatigue, and when 
out of quarters, the coat or jacket shall be buttoned and 
hooked at the collar. 



* BUTTONS. 

18. For General Officers and Officers of the General 
Staff-jgilt, convex, with spread eagle and stars, and plain 
border; large size, seven-eighths of an inch in exterior 
diameter; small size one-half inch. 

19. For Officers of the Corps of Engineers — gilt, nine- 
tenths of an inch in exterior diameter, slightly convex ; 
a raised bright rim, one-thirtieth of an inch wide; device, 
an eagle .holding in his beak a scroll, with the word 
u Fssayons" a bastion with embrasures in the distance 
surrounded by water, with a rising sun — the figures to 
be of dead gold upon a bright field. Small buttons of 
the same form and device, and fifty-five hundredths of 
an inch in exterior diameter. 



UNIFORM AND DRESS. 83 

20. For Officers of the Corps of Topographical Engi- 
neers — gilt, seven -eighths of an inch exterior diameter, 
convex and solid ; device, the shield of the United States, 
occupying one-half the diameter, and the letters, ST. 3S. f e 
in Old English characters the other half; small buttons, 
one-half inch diameter, device and form the same. 

21. For Officers of the Ordnance Department — gilt, con- 
vex, plain border, cross cannon and bombshell, with a 
circular scroll over and across the cannon, containing 
the words "Ordinance Corps;" large size, seven-eighths 
of an inch in exterior diameter; small size, one-half 
inch. 

22. For Officers of Artillery \ Infantry, Riflemen, Cav- 
alry, and Dragoons — gilt, convex ; device, a spread eagle 
with the letter A, for Artillery ; I, for Infantry ; R, for 
Riflemen ; C, for Cavalry ; D, for Dragoons, on the 
shield; large size, seven-eighths of an inch in exterior 
diameter; small size, one-half inch. 

23. Aids-de-camp may wear the button of the general 
staff, or of their regiment or corps, at their option. 

24. For all Enlisted Men — yellow, the same as is used 
by the Artillery, etc., omitting the letter in the shield. 

TROWSERS. 

25. For General Officers and Officers of the Ordnance 
Department — of dark blue cloth, plain, without stripe, 
welt, or cord down the outer seam. 

26. For Officers of the General Staff and Staff Corps, 
except the Ordnance — dark blue cloth, with a gold cord, 
one-eighth of an inch in diameter, along the outer seam. 

27. For all Regimental Officers — dark blue cloth, with 
a welt let into the outer seam, one-eighth of an inch in 
diameter, of colors corresponding to the facings of the 
respective regiments, viz : Dragoons, orange ; Cavalry, 
yellow; Riflemen, emerald-green; Artillery, scarlet; In- 
fantry, sky-blue. 



84 V. S. VOLUNTEER. 

28. For Enlisted Men, except companies of Light Ar- 
tillery — dark blue cloth; sergeants with a stripe one and 
one-half inch wide; corporals with a stripe one-half inch 
wide, of worsted lace, down and over the outer seam, of 
the color of the facings of the respective corps. 

29. Ordnance Sergeants and Hospital Stewarts — stripe 
of crimson lace, one and one-half inch wide. 

30. Privates — plain, without stripe or welt. 

31. For Companies of Artillery equipped as Light Ar- 
tillery — sky-blue cloth. 

All trowsers to be made loose, without plaits, and to 
spread well over the boot; to be re-enforced for all 
enlisted mounted men. 

HAT. 

32. For Officers : Of best black felt. The dimensions 
of medium size to be as follows : 

"Width of brim, 3 J inches. 
Hight of crown, 6^ inches. 
Oval of tip, \ inch. 
Taper of crown, f inch 
Curve of head, f inch. 

The binding to be | inch deep, of best black ribbed silk. 

33. For Enlisted Men — of black felt, same shape and 
size as for officers, with double row of stitching, instead 
of binding, around the edge. To agree in quality with 
the pattern deposited in the clothing arsenal. 

Trimmings. 

34. For General Officers — gold cord, with acorn-shaped 
ends. The brim of the hat looped up on the right side, 
and fastened with an eagle attached to the side of the 
hat ; three black ostrich feathers on the left side, a gold 
embroidered wreath in front, on black velvet ground, 



TOIFOKM AND DRESS. 85 

encircling the letters 2E, £>♦ in silver, old English char- 
acters. 

35. For Officers of the Adjutant Generals, Inspector 
General 1 s, Quartermaster 1 s, Subsistence, Medical and Pay 
Departments, and the Judge Advocate, above the rank of 
Captain — the same as for general officers, except the cord, 
which will be of black silk and gold. 

36. For the same Departments, below the rank of Field 
Officers — the same as for field officers, except that there 
will be but two feathers. 

37. For Officers of the Corps of Engineers — the same 
as for ,the general staff, except the ornament in front, 
which will be a gold embroidered wreath of laurel and 
palm, encircling a silver turreted castle on black velvet 
ground. 

38. For Officers of the Topographical Engineers — the 
same as for the general staff, except the ornament in 
front, which will be a gold embroidered wreath of oak 
leaves, encircling a gold embroidered shield, on black 
velvet ground. 

39. For Officers of the Ordnance Department — the same 
as for the general staff, except the ornament in front, 
which will be a gold embroidered shell and flame, on 
black velvet ground. 

40. For Officers of Dragoons — the same as for the gen- 
eral staff, except the ornament in front, which will be 
two gold embroidered sabres crossed, edges upward, on 
black velvet ground, with the number of the regiment 
in silver in the upper angle. 

41. For Officers of Cavalry — the same as for the dra- 
goons, except that the number of the regiment will be 
in the lower angle. 

42. For Officers of Mounted Riflemen — the same as for 
the general staff, except the ornament in front, which 
will be a gold embroidered trumpet, perpendicular, on 
black velvet ground. 

43. For Officers of Artillery — the same as for the gen- 



86 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

eral staff, except the ornament in front, which will be a 
gold embroidered cross-cannon, on black velvet ground, 
with the number of the regiment in silver at the inter- 
section of the cross-cannon. 

44. For Officers of Infantry — the same as for artillery, 
except the ornament in front, which will be a gold em- 
broidered bugle, on black velvet ground, with the number 
of the regiment in silver within the bend. 

45. For Enlisted Men, except companies of Light Ar- 
tillery — the same as for officers of the respective corps, 
except that there will be but one feather, the cord 
will be of worsted, of the same color as that of the facing 
of the corps, three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, 
running three times through a slide of the same material, 
and terminating with two tassels, not less than two inches 
long, on the side of the hat opposite the feather. For 
Hospital Steivards, the cord will be of buff* and green 
mixed. The insignia of corps, in brass, in front of the 
hat, corresponding with those prescribed for officers, 
with the number of regiment, five-eighths of an inch long, 
in brass, and letter of company, one inch, in brass, ar- 
ranged over insignia. Brim to be looped up to side of 
hat with a brass eagle, having a hook attached to the 
bottom to secure the brim — on the right side for mounted 
men, and left side for foot men. The feather to be worn 
on the side opposite the loop. 

46. All the trimmings of the hat are to be made so 
that they can be detached ; but the eagle, badge of corps, 
and letter of company, are to be always worn. 

47. For companies of artillery equipped as light ar- 
tillery, the old pattern uniform cap, with red horse hair 
plume, cord, and tassel. 

48. Officers of the general staff, and staff corps, may 
wear, at their option, a light French chapeau, either stiff 
crown or flat, according to the pattern deposited in the 
Adjutant General's Office. Officers below the rank of 
field officers to wear but two feathers. 



UNIFORM AND DRESS. 87 



FORAGE CAPS. 

49. For fatigue purposes, forage caps, of pattern in 
in the Quartermaster General's Office: Dark blue cloth, 
with a welt of the same around the crown, and yellow 
metal letters in front to designate companies. 

50. Commissioned officers may wear forage caps of the 
same pattern, with the distinctive ornament of the corps 
and regiment in front. 

CRAVAT OR STOCK. 

51. For all Officers — black; when a cravat is worn, the 
tie not to be visible at the opening of the collar. 

52. For all Enlisted Men — black leather, according to 
pattern. 

BOOTS. 

53. For all Officers — ankle or Jefferson. 

54. For Enlisted Men of Riflemen, Dragoons, Cavalry, 
and Light Artillery — ankle and Jefferson, rights and lefts, 
according to pattern. 

55. For Enlisted Men of Artillery, Infantry, Engineers, 
and Ordnance — Jefferson, rights and lefts, according to 
pattern. 

SPURS. 

56. For all Mounted Officers — yellow metal, or gilt. 

57. For all Enlisted Mounted Men — yellow metal, ac- 
cording to pattern. (See No. 1 74.) 



GLOVES. 

58. For General Officers and Officers of the General 
Staff and Staff Corps — buff or white. 

59. For Officers of Artillery, Infantry, Cavalry, Dra- 
goons, and Riflemen — white. 



88 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 



SASH. 



60. For General Officers — buff, silk net, with silk bul- 
lion fringe ends ; sash to go twice around the waist, and 
to tie behind the left hip, pendent part not to extend 
more than eighteen inches below the tie. 

61. For Officers of the Adjutant General's, Inspector 
GeneraVs, Quartermaster* 's, and Subsistence Departments, 
Corps of Engineers, Topographical E?igineers, Ordnance, 
Artillery, Infantry, Cavalry, Riflemen, and Dragoons, 
and the Judge Advocate of the Army — crimson silk net; 
for Officers of the Medical Department — medium or em- 
erald green silk net, with silk bullion fringe ends; to go 
around the waist and tie as for general officers. 

62. For all Sergeant Majors, Quartermaster Sergeants, 
Ordnance Sergeants, First Sergeants, Principal or Chief 
Musicians and Chief Buglers — red worsted sash, with 
worsted bullion fringe ends ; to go twice around the waist, 
and to tie behind the left hip, pendent part not to ex- 
tend more than eighteen inches below the tie. 

63. The sash will be worn (over the coat) on all oc- 
casions of duty of every description, except stable and 
fatigue. 

64. The sash will be worn by " Officers of the Day " 
across the body, scarf fashion, from the right shoulder to 
the left side, instead of around the waist, tying behind 
the left hip, as prescribed. 

SWOKD-BELT. 

65. For all Officers— -a waist belt not less than one and 
one-half inch, nor more than two inches wide; to be 
worn over the sash; the sword to be suspended from it 
by slings, of the same material as the belt, with a hook 
attached to the belt upon which the sword may be hung. 

GQ. For General Officers — Russian leather, with three 
stripes of gold embroidery; the sling* embroidered on 
both sides. 



UNIFORM AND DRESS. $9 

67. For all other Officers— black leather, plain. 

68. For all Non- Commissioned Officers — black leather, 
plain. 

SWORD-BELT PLATE. 

69. For all Officers and Enlisted Men — gilt, rectangu- 
lar, two inches wide, with a raised bright rim; a silver 
wreath of laurel encircling the "Arms of the United 
States;" eagle, shield, scroll, edge of cloud and rays 
bright. The motto, " E Plttribus Unum," in silver 
letters, upon the scroll ; stars also of silver ; according to 
pattern. 

SWORD AND SCABBARD. 

70. For General Officers — straight sword, gilt hilt, sil- 
ver grip, brass or steel scabbard. 

71. For Officers of the Adjutant GeneraVs, Inspector 
General 1 s, Quartermaster's, and Subsistence Departments, 
Corps of Engineers, Topographical Engineers, Ordnance, 
the Judge Advocate of the Army, Aides-de-Camp, Field 
Officers of Artillery, Infantry, and Foot Riflemen, and 
for the Light Artillery — the sword of the pattern adopted 
by the "War Department, April 9, 1850; or the one de- 
scribed in G. O., No. 21, of August 28, 1860, for officers 
therein designated. 

72. For the Medical and Pay Departments — small sword 
and scabbard, according to pattern in the Surgeon Gen- 
eral's Office. 

73. For Officers of Dragoons, Cavalry, and Mounted 
Riflemen — saber and scabbard now in use, according to 
pattern in the Ordnance Department. 

74. For the Artillery, Infantry, and Foot Riflemen, ex- 
cept the field officers — the sword of the pattern adopted 
by the War Department, April 9, 1850. 

75. The sword and sword-belt will be worn upon all 
occasions of duty, without exception. 



90 V. S. VOLUNTEER. 

76. "When on foot, the saher will be suspended from 
the hook attached to the belt. 

77. When not on military duty, officers may wear 
swords of honor, or the" prescribed sword, with a scab- 
bard, gilt, or of leather. with gilt mountings. 

SWORD-KNOT. 

78. For General Officers — gold cord with acorn end. 

79. For all other Officers — gold lace strap with gold 
bullion tassels. 

BADGES TO DISTINGUISH RANK. 

Epaulettes. 

80. For the Major-General Commanding the Army — ■ 
gold, with solid crescent; device, three silver-embroid- 
ered stars, one, one and a half inches in diameter, one, 
one and one-fourth inches in diameter, and one, one and 
one-eighth inches in diameter, placed on the strap in a 
row, longitudinally, and equidistant, the largest star in 
the center of the crescent, the smallest at the top ; dead 
and bright gold bullion, one-half inch in diameter, and 
three and one-half inches long. 

81. For all other Major- Generals — the same as for the 
major-general commanding the army, except that there 
will be two stars on the strap, instead of three, omitting 
the smallest. 

82. For a Brigadier- General — the same as for a major- 
general, except that, instead of two, there shall be one 
star (omitting the smallest,) placed upon the strap, and 
not within the crescent. 

83. For a Colonel — the same as for a brigadier-general, 
substituting a silver-embroidered spread eagle for the 
star upon the strap ; and within the crescent for the 
Medical Department — a laurel wreath embroidered in 
gold, and the letters |$. j&., in old English characters, 
in silver, within the wreath ; Pay Department — same as 



UNIFORM AND DRESS. 91 

the medical department, with the letters 39. 23., in old 

English characters; Corps of Engineers — a turreted cas- 
tle of silver ; Corps of Topographical Engineers — a shield 
embroidered in gold, and below it the letters ST.. 3E M in 
old English characters, in silver ; Ordnance Department — 
shell and flame in silver embroidery; Regimental Offi- 
cers — the number of the regiment embroidered in gold, 
within a circlet of embroidered silver, one and three- 
fourths inches in diameter, upon cloth of the following 
colors : for Artillery — scarlet ; Infantry — light or sky- 
blue; Riflemen — medium, or emerald-green ; Dragoons — 
orange ; Cavalry — -yellow. 

84. For a Lieutenant- Colonel — the same as for a colonel, 
according to corps, but substituting for the eagle a silver- 
embroidered leaf. 

85. For a Major — the same as for a colonel, according 
to corps, omitting the eagle. 

86. For a Captain— -the same as for a colonel, according 
to corps, except that the bullion will be only one-fourth 
of an inch in diameter, and two and one-half inches long, 
and substituting for the eagle two silver-embroidered 
bars. 

87. For a First Lieutenant — the same as for a colonel, 
according to corps, except that the bullion will be only 
one-eighth of an inch in diameter, and t*vo and one- 
half inches long, and substituting for the eagle one silver- 
embroidered bar. 

88. For a Second Lieutenant — the same as for a first 
lieutenant, omitting the bar. 

89. For a Brevet Second Lieutenant — the same as for 
a second lieutenant. 

90. All officers having military rank will wear an 
epaulette on each shoulder. 

91. The epaulette may be dispensed with when not on 
duty, and on certain duties off' parade, to wit : at drills, 
at inspections of barracks and hospitals, on Courts of 
Inquiry and Boards, at inspections of articles and neces- 



92 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

saries, on working parties and fatigue duties, and upon 
the march, except when, .in war, there is immediate ex- 
pectation of meeting the enemy, and also when the 
overcoat is worn. 



Shoulder Straps, 

92. For the Major-General Commanding the Army — 
dark blue cloth, one and three-eighths inches wide, by 
four inches long ; bordered with an embroidery of gold, 
one-fourth of an inch wide; three silver-embroidered 
stars of five rays, one star on the center of the strap, 
and one on each side, equidistant between the center and 
the outer edge of the strap; the center star to be the 
largest, 

93. For all other Major- Generals — the same as for the 
major-general commanding the army, except that there 
will be two stars instead of three; the center of each star 
to be one inch from the outer edge of the gold embroid- 
ery on the ends of the strap ; both stars of the same size. 

94. For a Brigadier-General — the same as for a major- 
general, except that there will be one star instead of two; 
the center of the star to be equidistant from the outer 
edge of the embroidery on the ends of the strap. 

95. For a 'Colonel — the same size as for a major-gen- 
eral, and bordered in like manner with an embroidery 
of gold ; a silver-embroidered spread eagle on the center 
of the strap, two inches between the tips of the wings, 
having in the right talon an olive branch, and in the 
left a bundle of arrows ; an escutcheon on the breast, as 
represented in the arms of the United States; cloth of 
the strap as follows : for the General Staff and Staff 
Corps — dark blue ; Artillery — scarlet ; Infantry — light 
or sky-blue; Riflemen — medium or emerald-green ; Dra+ 
goons — orange; Cavalry — yellow. 

96. For a Lieutenant- Colonel — the same as for a col- 
onel, according to corps, omitting the eagle, and intro- 



UNIFORM AND DRESS. 93 

ducing a silver-embroidered leaf at each end, each leaf 
extending seven-eighths of an inch from the end border 
of the strap. 

97. For a Major — the same as for a colonel, according 
to corps, omitting the eagle, and introducing a gold- 
embroidered leaf at each end, each leaf extending seven- 
eighths of an inch from the end border of the strap. 

98. For a Captain — the same as for a colonel, accord- 
ing to corps, omitting the eagle, and introducing at each 
end two gold- embroidered bars of the same width as the 
border, placed parallel to the ends of the strap ; the dis- 
tance between them and from the border equal to the 
width of the border. 

99. For a First Lieutenant — the same as for a colonel, 
according to corps, omitting the eagle, and introducing 
at each end, one gold-embroidered bar of the same width 
as the border, placed parallel to the ends of the strap, 
at a distance from the border equal to its width. 

100. For a Second Lieutenant — the same as for a col- 
onel, according to corps, omitting the eagle. 

101. For a Brevet Second Lieutenant — the same as for 
a second lieutenant. 

102. The shoulder strap will be worn whenever the 
epaulette is not. 

Chevrons. 

103. The rank of non-commissioned officers will be 
marked by chevrons upon both sleeves of the uniform 
coat and overcoat, above the elbow, of silk or worsted 
binding, one-half an inch wide, same color as the edging 
on the coat, points down, as follows : 

104. For a Sergeant-Major — three bars and an arc, in 
silk. 

105. For a Quartermaster-Sergeant — three bars and a 
tie, in silk. 

106. For an Ordnance-Sergeant — three bars and a star, 
in silk. 



94 tr. S. VOLUNTEER. 

107. For a Hospital Steward — a caduceus two inches 
long, embroidered with yellow silk on each arm above 
the elbow, in the place indicated for a chevron, the head 
toward the outer seam of the sleeve. 

108. For a First Sergeant — three bars and a lozenge, 
in worsted. 

109. For a Sergeant — three bars, in worsted. 

110. For a Corporal — two bars, in worsted. 

111. For a Pioneer — two crossed hatchets of cloth, same 
color and material as the edging of the collar, to be 
sewed on each arm above the elbow, in the place in- 
dicated for a chevron, (those of a corporal to be just 
above and resting on the chevron,) the head of the hatchet 
upward, its edge outward, of the following dimensions, 
viz: Handle, four and one-half inches long, one-fourth 
to one-third of an inch wide. Hatchet, two inches long, 
one inch wide at the edge. 

112. To indicate Service — all non-commissioned officers, 
musicians, and privates, who have served faithfully for 
the term of five years, will wear, as a mark of distinc- 
tion, upon both sleeves of the uniform coat, below the 
elbow, a diagonal half chevron, one-half an inch wide, 
extending from seam to seam, the front end nearest the 
cuff, and one-half an inch above the point of the cuff, 
to be of the same color as the edging on the coat. In 
like manner, an additional half chevron, above and 
parallel to the first, for every subsequent five years of 
faithful service; distance between each chevron one- 
fourth of an inch. Service in war will be indicated by 
a light or sky-blue stripe on each side of the chevron for 
artillery, and a red stripe for all other corps, the stripe 
to be one-eighth of an inch wide. 



UNIFORM AND DRESS, 95 



OVERCOAT. 

For Commissioned Officers. 

113. A "cloak coat" of dark blue cloth, closing by 
means of four frog buttons of black silk, and loops of 
black silk cord down the breast, and at the throat by a 
long loop a echelle, without tassel or plate, on the left 
side, and a black silk frog button on the right ; cord for 
the loops fifteen-hundredths of an inch in diameter; 
back, a single piece, slit up from the bottom, from fifteen 
to seventeen inches, according to the hight of the 
wearer, and closing at will, by buttons, and button-holes 
cut in a concealed flap ; collar of the same color and 
material as the coat, rounded at the edges, and to stand 
or fall ; when standing, to be about five inches high ; 
sleeves loose, of a single piece, and round at the bottom, 
without cuff or slit ; lining woolen ; around the front 
and lower border, the edges of the pockets, the edges of 
the sleeves, collar, and slit in the back, a flat braid of 
black silk one-half an inch wide ; and around each frog 
button on the breast, a knot two and one-quarter inches 
in diameter, of black silk cord, seven-hundredths of an 
inch in diameter, arranged according to drawing; cape 
of the same color and material as the coat, removable 
at the pleasure of the wearer, and reaching to the cuff 
of Vir coat-sleeve when the arm is extended; coat to ex- 
tend down the leg, from six to eight inches below the 
knee, according to hight. To indicate rank, there will be 
on both sleeves, near the lower edge, a knot of flat black 
silk braid, not exceeding one-eighth of an inch in width, 
arranged according to drawing, and composed as follows : 

114. For a General — of five braids, double knot. 

115. For a Colonel — of five braids, single knot. 

116. For a Lieutenant- Colonel — of four braids, single 
knot. 

117. For a Major — of three braids, single knot. 



90 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

118. For a Captain — of two braids, single knot. 

119. For a First Lieutenant — of one braid, single knot. 

120. For a Second Lieutenant and Brevet Second Lieu- 
tenant — a plain sleeve without knot or ornament. 

For Enlisted Men. 

121. Of all Mounted Corps — of sky blue cloth; stand 
and fall collar; double-breasted; cape to reach down to 
the cuff of the coat when the arm is extended, and to 
button all the way up; buttons (24.) 

122. All other enlisted men — of sky-blue cloth ; stand- 
up collar; single-breasted; cape to reach down to the 
elbows when the arm is extended, and to button all the 
way up; buttons (24.) 

123. For Dragoons, Cavalry, and Mounted Riflemen — 
a gutta percha talma, or cloak extending to the knee, 
with long sleeves. 

OTHER ARTICLES OF CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT. 

124. Flannel shirt, drawers, stocki7igs, and stable frock 
— the same as now furnished. 

125. Blanket — woolen, gray, with letters TJ. S. in black, 
four inches long, in the center; to be seven feet long, 
and five and a half feet wide, and to weigh five pounds. 

126. Canvas overalls for Engineer soldiers — of white 
cotton ; one garment to cover the whole of the body be- 
low the waist, the breast, the shoulders and the arms; 
sleeves loose, to allow a free play of the arms, with nar- 
row wristbands buttoning with one button ; overalls to 
fasten at the neck behind with two buttons, and at the 
waist behind with buckle and tongue. 

127. Belts of all enlisted men — black leather. 

128. Cartridge box — according to pattern in the ord- 
nance deparment. 

129. Drum sling — white webbing; to be provided with 
a brass drum-stick carriage, according to pattern. 



UNIFORM AND DRESS. 97 

130. Knapsack — of painted canvas, according to pat- 
tern now issued by the quartermaster's department ; the 
great coat, when carried, to be neatly folded, not rolled, 
and covered by the outer flap of the knapsack. 

131. Haversack — of painted canvas, with an inside 
sack unpainted, according to the pattern now issued by 
the quartermaster's department. 

132. Canteen — of tin, covered with woolen cloth, of 
the pattern now issued by the quartermaster's depart- 
ment. 

TENTS. 

133. For all Commissioned Officers — wall tent, with a 
fly, pattern now issued by the quartermasters depart- 
ment. 

134. For Hospital purposes — pattern described in "Gen- 
eral Orders" No. 1, of January 19, 1860. 

135. For all Enlisted Men — Sibley's patent, according 
to the pattern now issued by the quartermaster's depart- 
ment, at the rate of one tent to 17 mounted or 20 foot 
men. Sheet iron, stoves will be issued with the tents in 
cold climates, or when specially ordered. 

136. For Officers 1 Servants and Laundresses — small com- 
mon tent, old pattern. 

HORSE FURNITURE. 

For General Officers and the General Staff. 

137. Housing for General Officers — to be worn over the 
saddle, of dark blue cloth, trimmed with two rows of 
gold lace, the outer row one inch and five-eighths wide, 
the inner row two inches and one-fourth; to be made 
full, so as to cover the horse's haunches and forehands, 
and to bear on each flank corner the following orna- 
ments, distinctive of rank, to wit: for the Major- General 
commanding the Army — a gold- embroidered spread eagle 

7 



98 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

and three stars; for other Major-Generals — a gold-em- 
broidered spread eagle and two stars; for a Brigadier- 
General — a gold-embroidered spread eagle and one star. 

138. Saddle-cloth for General Staff Officers — dark blue 
cloth, of sufficient length to cover the saddle and hol- 
sters, and one foot ten inches in depth, with an edging 
of gold lace one inch wide. 

139. Surcingle — blue web. 

140. Bridle — black leather ; bent branch bit, with gilt 
bosses ; the front and roses yellow. 

141. Collar — yellow. 

142. Holsters — black leather, with gilt mountings. 

143. Stirrups — gilt or yellow metal. 

For Officers of the Corps of Engineers and Topographical 

Engineers. 

144. The same as for general staff officers. 

145. In time of actual field service, general officers and 
officers of the general staff and staff corps are permitted 
to use the horse equipments described for mounted ser- 
vice. 

HORSE EQUIPMENTS FOR THE MOUNTED SERVICE. 

146. A complete set of horse equipments for mounted 
troops consists of 1 bridle, 1 watering bridle, 1 halter, 
1 saddle, 1 pair saddle-bags, 1 saddle-blanket, 1 surcingle, 
1 pair spurs, 1 currycomb, 1 horse brush, 1 picket pin, 
and 1 lariat; 1 link and 1 nose-bag when specially re- 
quired. 

HEAD GEAR. 

147. All { the leather is black bridle leather, and the 
buckles are malleable iron, flat, bar buckles, blued. 

148. Bridle — It is composed of 1 headstall, 1 bit, 1 
pair of reins. 

149. Headstall— 1 crown piece, the ends split, form- 



[uniform and dress, 99 

ing 1 cheek strap and I throat lash billet on one side, and 
on the other, 1 cheek strap and I throat lash, with 1 buckle^ 
.625 inch, 2 chapes and 2 buckles, .75 inch, sewed to the 
ends of cheek piece to attach the bit; 1 brow band, the 
ends doubled and sewed form 2 loops on each end through 
which the cheek straps and throat lash and throat lash 
billet pass. 

150. Bit — -(shear steel, blued,) — 2 branches, S shaped, 
pierced at top with an eye for the cheek strap billet, and 
with a small hole near the e}^e for the curb-chain, ter- 
minated at the bottom by two buttons, into which are 
welded 2 rings, 1 inch, for the reins; 1 mouth-piece, curved 
in the middle, its ends pass through the branches and are 
riveted to them; 1 cross bar, riveted to the branches 
near the lower ends; 2 bosses (cast brass,) bearing the 
number and letter of the regiment and the letter of the 
company riveted to the branches with 4 rivets; 1 curb" 
chain hook, steel wire, No. 10, fastened to the wear branch; 
1 curb-chain, steel wire, No. 11, curb-chain links 0.7 inch 
wide, with 1 loose ring in the middle, fastened to the off 
branch by an S hook, coldshut; 1 curb strap, (leather,) 
fastened to the curb chain by 2 standing loops. 

151. 1 curb ring for bit No. 1 replaces the curb chain 
and curb strap. They are of two sizes: No. 1 has an 
interior diameter of 4 inches; No. 2, of 3.75 inches. The 
number is marked on the outside of the swell. No. 1 
is the larger size. 

152. There are four bits, differing from each other in 
the arch of the mouth piece, and in the distance from 
the mouth piece to the eye for the cheek strap. The 
branches are alike below the mouth piece. No. 1 is a 
Spanish bit, No. 2 is the next severest, and No. 4 is the 
mildest. Hight of arch is 2\ inches in No. 1, 2 inches 
in No. 2, 1J inch in No. 3, and \ inch in No. 4. The 
distance between the branches is 4.5 inches in all the bits. 

153. Reins — 2 reins sewed together at one end, the 
other ends sewed to the rings of the bit. 



100 V. 8. VOLUNTEER. 



WATERING BRIDLE. 

154. The watering bridle is composed of 1 bit and 1 
pair of reins. 

155. Bit — (wrought iron, blued,) 2 mouth piece sides 
united in the middle by a loop hinge ; their ends are 
pierced with two holes to receive 2 rings 1.7 inches dia- 
meter for the reins. 2 chains and toggles, 3 links, each 
1 inch X 0.55 inch, welded into the rein rings. 

156. Eeins — 2 reins sewed together at one end, the 
other end sewed to rings of the bit. 

HALTER. 

157. 2 cheek pieces, sewed at one end to 2 square loops 
1.6 inches diameter, and the other to 2 cheek rings 1.6 
inches diameter ; 2 standing loops for the toggles of the 
watering bridle sewed to the cheek piece near to the 
square loops ; 1 crown piece sewed to the off cheek ring, 

1 buckle 1.12 inches, and chape sewed to the near cheek 
ring ; 1 nose band, the end sewed to the square loops ; 1 
chin strap, the ends sewed to the square loops and passing 
loose through the hitching-strap ring. 

1 throat strap, folded on itself making two thicknesses 
and forming at top a loop for the throat band to pass 
through, and embracing in the fold at the other end 1 
bolt which holds 1 hitching-strap ring ; 1 throat band passes 
loose through the loop in the throat strap, and is sewed 
to the cheek rings ; 1 hitching-strap 6 1 feet long, 1 buckle 
1.25 inches, and 1 standing loop, 1 billet sewed to the 
buckle end by the same seam which holds the buckle. 

SADDLE. 

158. All the leather is black bridle or harness leather, 
and the buckles are blued malleable iron. 

159. The saddle is composed of 1 tree, 2 saddle skirts, 

2 stirrups, 1 girth and girth strap, 1 surcingle, 1 crupper. 



UNIFORM AND DRESS. 101 

SADDLE TREE. 

160. "Wood (beech,) — 1 pommel made of two pieces 
framed together at top and glued; 1 cantle formed of 2 
pieces like the pommel ; 2 side bars (poplar) each made 
of 3 pieces glued together; they are glued to the pom- 
mel and cantle, and fastened by 2 rivets, 2 burrs, and 4 
nails, the burrs let in on the under side; 1 strap mortice 
in the pommel, 3 strap mortices in the cantle. 

■161. There are three sizes of trees, varying in the 
length of the seat. The number is marked on the pom- 
mel ornament. 

No. 1. 11 inches length of seat. 15 per cent. 

No. 2. m " " 50 " 

No. 3. 12" " " 35 " 

162. Iron — 1 pommel arc 0.1 inch thick, with threo 
small holes on top, fastened to the side bars by 4 rivets ; 
1 pommel plate 0.1 inch thick, semi-circular, fastened to 
the front of the pommel by 4 rivets; 1 cantle arc 0.1 
inch thick, with three small holes on top, fastened to the 
side bars by 4 rivets ; 1 cantle plate 0.1 inch thick, fast- 
ened to the rear of the cantle by 4 rivets; 2 stirrup loops 
hinged in 2 holdfasts which are fastened to the side bars 
by 6 rivets. 

163. The tree is painted with one coat of white lead. 
It is covered with best quality kip skin raw hide, put on. 
wet, sewed with thongs of the same and held in place 
by stitches through the wood along the junction of the 
pommel and cantle with the side bars. The seams are 
made on the edges of the side bars where they will not 
chafe the horse or rider. 

164. 2 cnqyper rings, held by staples driven into the 
front ends of side bars; 2 foot staples for coat straps 
fastened to the front of the pommel by 4 brass screws, 
f- inch; 2 crupper rings (japanned black), fastened by 
staples driven into the rear ends of side bars ; 2 foot 
staples, fastened to the rear of cantle by 4 brass screws, 
J inch ; 1 guard plate, 1 pommel ornament, shield-shaped 



102 ■ U. S. VOLUNTEER, 

(sheet brass), fastened to the pommel, each by 3 brass 
screw pins; 6 guard plates, fastened to the cantle by 12 
screw ■pins; 2 foot staples, fastened on the back strap by 
4 brass screws, § inch ; 1 saddle-bags stud, fastened on 
the back strap to the cantle arc by 2 copper rivets. 

265. Two saddle skirts (thick harness leather,) fas- 
tened to the side bars by 38 brass screws^ f inch ; 2 stay 
loops for the saddle-bag straps sewed to the rear edge of 
the skirts. 

166. Two stirrups (hickory or oak,) made of one 
piece bent, the ends separated by 1 transom and fastened 
by 2 iron rivets, each, 4 burrs; 2 leather hoods fastened 
to the stirrups by 12 copper rivets and hurrs — distance 
of hood from rear of stirrup 6 inches ; 2 stirrup straps, 
2 brass buckles, 1.375 inches, 2 sliding loops, pass through 
the stirrup loops and through a hole cut in the skirts; 
2 sweat leathers, each has 2 standing loops. 

167. Girth — 2 girth straps pass over the pommel and 
cantle arcs, to which they are fastened by 4 copper rivets 
and 4 burrs; they are fastened to the side bars by 4. brass 
screws, f inch; the ends are sewed into 2 D rings, 1.8-5 
inches; 2 girth billets^ sewed to the straight side of the 
D rings ; 1 girth, 4. 5 inches, blue woolen webbing ; 1 
thape, 1 buckle, 2 inches, 1 standing loop, and 1 safe on 
tne off end; and 1 chape, 1 buckle 7 1.5 inches, 1 D ring, 
1.85 inches, 1 standing loop, 1 safe on the near side; 1 
standing loop on the middle. 

168. Six coat straps, 6 buckles, 0.625 inch, and stops. 
They pass through the mortices in the pommel and 
cantle and the foot staples. 

169. One carbine socket, 1 strap, 1 buckle, 0.75 inch, 
sewed to the socket. The socket is buckled to the D 
ring on the off side of the saddle. 

170. One surcingle, 3.25 inches, blue woolen webb- 
ing; 1 chape, 1 buckle, 1.5 inches, 1 standing loop on 
one end, and 1 billet on the other; 1 billet lining sewed 
over the end of webbing to the billet ; 2 standing loops 
sear the buckle end. 



UNIFORM AND DRESS. 103 

171. Crupper — 1 dock, made of a single piece and 
stuffed with hair, the ends sewed to the body of the crup- 
per; 1 body, split at one end, has sewed to it 1 chape, 1 
ring, 1.25 inches, 2 back straps — each has one buckle, 
0.75 inch, and 2 sliding loops — they pass through the 
rings of the side bars and the ring on the body of the 
crupper. 

172. Saddle bags (bag leather.) — They are composed 
of 2 pouches and 1 seat; the ends of the seat are sewed 
to the pouches. Each pouch has 1 back, sewed to the 
gusset and upper part of inner front with a welt; 1 gus- 
set, sewed to the back and to 1 outer and 1 inner front 
with a welt; 1 flap sewed to the top of the back and to 
the seat by 2 seams ; 1 flap billet, sewed to the point of 
the flap; 1 chape and 1 buckle, 0.625 inch, sewed to the 
outer front; 1 billet, 1 buckle, 0.625 inch, sewed to the 
chape. The seat is sewed to the pouch by the same 
seams which join the flap to the back of the pouch. It 
has 2 holes for the foot staples and 1 hole for the sad- 
dle-bag stud; 2 key straps, sewed to the seat near its 
ends ; 4 lacing thongs for the pouches. 

173. Saddle blanket — to be of pure wool, close 
woven, of stout yarns of an indigo blue color, with an 
orange border 3 inches wide, 3 inches from the edge. 
The letters II. S., 6 inches high, of orange color, in the 
center of the blanket. Dimensions: 75 inches long, 67 
inches wide; weight, 3.1875 pounds; variation allowed 
in weight, 0.1875 pounds. 

174. Spurs (brass,) — 2 spurs, 2 rowels, 2 rivets, 2 spur 
straps, 19 inches long, 2 roller buckles, 0.625 inch, 2 
standing loops. 

Length of heel for No. 1, 3J inches — inside measure. 

u u 2 3^- " " a 

"Width of heel for No. l] 3J " " " 

it u 2 3 M M *< 

Length of shank to center of rowel, 1 inch. 
Diameter of rowel, 0.85 inch. 

175. One horse brush — 1 body (maple,) Kussia bris- 



104 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

ties ; 1 cover, glued and fastened to the body by 8 bras3 
screws; 1 hand strap, fair leather, fastened to the sides 
of the body by 6 screws; 2 leather washers under the 
heads of screws. Dimensions: Body 9.25 inches long, 
4 inches wide, 0.5 inch thick; cover 0.1 inch thick; 
bristles project 0.9 inch.; hand strap 2 inches wide. 

176. One curry comb — iron, japanned black. The 
pattern of " Carpenter's, No. 333." 1 body, (sheet iron, 
0.4,) the top and bottom edges turned at right angles, 
forming two rows of teeth; 3 double rows of teeth, rivet- 
ed to the body by six rivets; 1 cross bar, riveted across 
the top by 2 rivets; 1 handle shank, riveted to the body 
by 3 rivets; 1 handle, (wood) turned and painted, passes 
over the shank, and is held by the riveted end of the 
shank; 1 ferrule, sheet iron. Dimensions: Length, 4 
inches ; width, 4.75 inches ; thickness, 0.75 inches ; length 
of handle, 4 inches ; weight, 0.84 pound. 

177. One picket pin, (iron, painted black.) — The 
parts are : the body, the neck, the head, the swell, the 
point; 1 lariat ring around the neck, 8-shaped, the larger 
opening for the lariat. Dimensions: Length 14 inches; 
diameter at swell, 4 inches; from point, 0.75 inch; at 
neck, 0.5 inch; at head, linch; lariat ring, 0.2 inch wire, 
welded, interior diameter 1 inch; weight of pin, 1.29 
pounds. 

178. One Lariat — best hemp, 1J- inch rope, 30 feet 
long, of 4 strands ; an eye spliced in one end, the other 
end whipped with small twine; weight, 2.38 pounds. 

179. One link — 1 strap, embracing in the fold at one 
end, 1 spring hook, and at the other 1 buckle, 0.75 inch, 
and 1 billet. 

180. One nose bag — same as for Light Artillery. 

MILITARY STOREKEEPERS. 

181. A citizen's frock coat of blue cloth, with buttons 
of the department to which they are attached; round 
black hat; pantaloons and vest, plain, white or dark 
blue j cravat or stock, black. 



UNIFORM AND DRESS, 105 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

182. General officers, and colonels having the "brevet 
rank of general officers, may, on occasions of ceremony, 
and when not serving with troops-, wear the "dress" 
and " undress " prescribed by existing regulations. 

183. Officers below the grade of colonel having brevet 
rank, will wear the epaulettes and shoulder straps dis- 
tinctive of their army rank. In all other respects, their 
uniform and dress will be that of their respective regi- 
ments, corps, or departments, and according to their 
commissions in the same. Officers above the grade of 
lieutenant-colonel, by ordinary commission, having brevet 
rank, may wear the uniform of their respective regi- 
ments or corps, or that of general officers, according to 
their brevet rank. 

184. Officers are permitted to wear a plain dark blue 
body coat, with the button designating their respective 
corps, regiments, or departments, without any other mark 
or ornament upon it. Such a coat, however, is not to be 
considered as a dress for any military purpose. 

185. In like manner, officers are permitted to wear a 
buff, white, or blue vest, with the small button of their 
corps, regiment, or department. 

186. Officers serving with mounted troops are allowed 
to wear, for stable duty, a plain dark blue cloth jacket, 
with one or two rows of buttons down the front, accord- 
ing to rank; stand-up collar, sloped in front as that of 
the uniform coat; shoulder straps according to rank, but 
no other ornament. 

187. The hair to be short, the beard to be worn at the 
pleasure of the individual, but when worn, to be kept 
short and neatly trimmed. 

188. A Band will wear the uniform of the regiment 
or corps to which it belongs. The commanding officer 
may, at the expense of the corps, sanctioned by the Coun- 
cil of Administration, make such additions in ornaments 
as he may judge proper. 



DUTIES OP KECKUITING OFFICEES. 

Success in obtaining recruits depends much on the 
activity, zeal, and personal attention of recruiting officers. 
The cultivation of a good understanding with the people 
of the town, village, or neighborhood, on their part, may- 
tend much to advance the interests of the service, and 
often be the means of procuring good men ; when a dis- 
tant deportment, a frigid, unbecoming hauteur, will not 
only repel the thinking and worthy part of the commu- 
nity, but frequently defeat the very object for which an 
officer may have established his party in the place. 

The magistrate employed to swear in the recruits may, 
if treated with due respect and confidence, be often in- 
strumental in discovering the true character of those 
who may propose to enlist. It would, then, be well to 
ask his opinion and advice as to the propriety of enlist- 
ing any individual brought before him to be sworn in. 
If it be generally known around the country that the 
enlistment is on fair terms ; that the pay is sufficient to 
induce respectable young men to enter the service, and 
that none others will be received, the character of the 
army will be held in due estimation, and the objections 
to join it will, in a great measure, be removed. 

It is in the power of every recruiting officer to make 
his party respectable and respected. He must, in his 
own person, set an example of that courteous and moral 

107 



108 U. s. VOLUNTEER. 

deportment which ought ever to characterize military 
men. If the recruits are disposed to be troublesome to 
the neighborhood, he must make it his duty to suppress 
e\<iry irregularity and correct the disorder^, using first 
mild admonitions, which, if seasonably resorted to, will 
generally produce the desired effect. No instance of 
impropriety should go unnoticed. 

The personal appearance of the men is highly import- 
ant. The recruiting officer will give his particular atten- 
tion to this subject. He will see that the men under his 
command are neat in their appearance, and that they are 
made to wear their military dress in a becoming manner, 
especially when permitted to go abroad. 

Recruiting officers will be careful not to allow any man 
to be deceived or inveigled into the service by- the tricks 
or false representations of the non-commissioned officers 
or soldiers of their parties. The nature of the service, 
the length of the term, the pay, clothing, rations, and 
other allowances to which a soldier is entitled by law, 
must be fully set forth and explained to every man be- 
fore he signs the enlistment ; and it will be proper, at 
the same time, to caution him to consider well before he 
enters into the contract with the government, as no man 
is wanted who does not come voluntarily to the standard 
of his country. If minors present themselves they are 
to be treated with great candor; the names and resi- 
dences of their parents or guardians, if they have any, 
must be ascertained, and they will be informed of the 
minor's wish to enlist, that they may make their objec- 
tions or give their consent. 

After a man has been thus treated, and is willing to 
enlist, he may be allowed twenty-four hours to consider 
on the subject. The oath is, therefore, not to be admin- 
istered to him until after that time, or even after two 



RECRUITING OFFICERS. 109 

days, if the officer thinks he is not yet settled in his 
mind as to becoming a soldier; and if the recruit should 
see proper to cancel his engagement previously to taking 
the oath, he shall be at liberty to do so. 

These instructions are thus particular, that the officers 
interested may know that it is not desirable to fill the 
ranks unless it can be done fairly and honorably, and 
with men of suitable character. 

All free white male persons above the age of 18 and 
under 35 years, being at least 5 feet 4^ inches high, 
who are effective, able-bodied, sober, free from disease, 
and who have a competent knowledge of the English 
language, may be enlisted. This regulation, so far as it 
respects the hight and age of the recruit, shall not extend 
to soldiers who may "re-enlist" into the service, or have 
served honestly and faithfully a previous enlistment in 
the army, or to musicians. 

Recruiting officers must be very particular in ascer- 
taining the true age of a recruit. They are not always 
to take his word, but are to rely on their own judgment 
for the ascertainment of his probable, if not actual, age. 

No person under the age of 21 years is to be enlisted 
without the written consent of his parent, guardian, or 
master, unless such parent, guardian, or master be an 
alien and non-resident in the United States, when such 
consent is unnecessary. The written consent where re- 
quired will invariably be appended to the enlistment. 

If the minor has no parent or guardian, a guardian 
(who must not be any one connected with the recruiting 
party) should be appointed b}^ the proper legal authority. 

No man having a wife or children shall be enlisted 
in time of peace without special authority obtained from 
General Head Quarters through the superintendent. 
This rule is not to apply to soldiers who " re-enlist" 



110 U. S„ VOLUNTEER. 

It is the duty of the recruiting officer to be always 
present at the examination of the recruits, and to see 
that it be conducted in strict conformity with the regu- 
lations. None but men of good character, sound in 
body and mind, of good appearance, well-formed, and 
fit, in every particular, to perform the duties of a soldier, 
will be received. The idle dependents of respectable 
connections will be refused, as the}^ become troublesome 
by applications for discharge, and are generally the least 
efficient soldiers. 

As soon as practicable, and at least within six days 
after his enlistment, the oath will be administered to the 
recruit, for which see 10th Art. War. 

Under the article of war above referred to, and the acts 
of Congress approved September 16, 1850, and July 20, 
1854, justices of the peace, the chief magistrate of any 
town or city corporate (not being an officer of the army), 
notaries public, or, when recourse can not be had to the 
civil magistrates, judges advocate, are the only persons 
authorized to administer the above oath. 

Enlistments must, in all cases, be taken in duplicate, 
and be rilled up in a fair and legible hand. The real 
name of the recruit must be ascertained, correctly spelled, 
and written in the same way wherever it occurs ; the 
Christian name must not be abbreviated. 

FOBM OF ENLISTMENT. 
STATE OF KENTUCKY, fcjgg^ TOWN OF NEWPORT. 



I, John Brown, born in Cincinnati, in the State of 
Ohio, aged twenty-three years, and by occupation a 
laborer, do hereby acknowledge to have voluntarily en- 
listed, this tenth day of April, 1861, as a Soldier in the 



RECRUITING OFFICERS. Ill 

Army of the United States of America, for the period 
of five years, unless sooner discharged, by proper author- 
ity : do also agree to accept such bounty, pay, rations, or 
clothing, as are, or may be, established by law. And I, 
John Brown, do solemnly swear, that I will bear true 
faith and allegiance to the United States of America, and 
that I will serve them honestly and faithfully against ail 
their enemies or opposers whomsoever ; and that I will 
observe and obey the orders of the President of the 
United States, and the orders of the officers appointed 
over me, according to the Rules and Articles of War. 

JOHN BEOWK 

Sworn and subscribed to, at Newport, Ky.,) 
this tenth day of April, 1861, before V 
J. R. fl., J. P. of C. Co., Ky. ) 

I certify, on honor, that I have carefully examined the 
above-named Recruit, agreeably to the General Regulations of 
the Army, and that in my opinion he is free from all bodily 
defects and mental infirmity, which would, in any way, dis- 
qualify him from performing the duties of a soldier. 

WILLIAM BARTLETT, 

Examining Surgeon. 

I certify, on honor, that I have minutely inspected the 
Recruit, John Brown, previously to his enlistment, and that he 
was entirely sober when enlisted ; that, to the best of my judg- 
ment and belief, he is of lawful age ; and that, in accepting him 
as duly qualified to perform the duties of an able-bodied soldier, 
I have strictly observed the Regulations which govern the re- 
cruiting service. This soldier has blue eyes, light hair, fair com- 
plexion ; is five feet six inches high. 

J. H. JOHNSTON, 1st Lieut. 12th Inf'y, 
Recruiting Officer, 



112 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

Each enlistment will be indorsed as follows : 
No.— 

A B 

enlisted at 



January — , 184-, 

By Lt. C D 

— Eeoiment of 



The number to correspond with the names alphabetically 
arranged. 

DECLARATION OF RECRUIT, 

I, John Brown, desiring to enlist in the Army of the 
United States, for the term of five 3'ears, do declare, 
that I am twenty-three years of age ; that I have 
neither wife nor child ; that I have never been dis- 
charged from the United States service on account of 
disability, or by sentence of a court-martial, or by order 
before the expiration of a term of enlistment ; and I 
know of no impediment to my serving honestly and 
faithfully as a soldier for five years. 

Given at Newport, Ky., the tenth day of April, 1861. 

JOHN BROWN. 

Witness : J. A. Jones. 

CONSENT IN CASE OF MINOR. 

I, Edward Brown, do certify, that I am the father of 
John Brown ; that the said John Brown is eighteen 
years of age ; and I do hereby freely give my consent 
to his enlisting as a soldier in the Army of the United 
States, for the period of five years. 

Given at Newport, Ky., the tenth day of April. 1861. 

EDWARD BROWN. 

Witness : J. A. Jones. 



RECRUITING OFFICERS. 113 

Whenever a soldier re-enters the service, the officer 
who enlists him will indorse on the enlistment, next be- 
low his own name and regiment, "second (or third) 
enlistment," as the case may be, together with the name 
of the regiment and the letter of the company in which 
the soldier last served. This information the recruiting 
officer must obtain, if possible, from the soldier's dis- 
charge, which he should in all cases be required to exhi- 
bit. (See 22d Art of War). 

The filling up of, and indorsement on, the enlistment, 
will be in the handwriting of the recruiting officer, or 
done under his immediate inspection ; as evidence of 
which he will sign his name on the left margin. 

Immediately after a man has enlisted, the recruiting 
officer will have his hair cut close to his head, and cause 
him to be well washed from head to foot ; after which 
he will have him dressed in the clothing furnished by 
government, properly fitted to his person, and cause his 
citizen's dress to be disposed of. No soldier is to be 
allowed to keep in his possession any article of clothing 
other than such as he receives from government and 
belong to his military character. 

It is the duty of the recruiting officer to see that the 
quarters for the men are comfortable, and supplied with 
such conveniences and bedding as are allowed in bar- 
racks ; that the provisions are good and regularly sup- 
plied ; that they are properly cooked and economized ; 
and that there be regularity in the messes, and due de- 
corum preserved at all times. Should the men be sick, 
it will be his particular care to see that they are not 
neglected, but that every essential comfort is procured 
for them. By proper management and economy, the 
rations allowed will often more than suffice, and the sur- 
plus may be sold, or commuted for money, to make a 

g 



114 CI. 8. YOLUNTEEB. 

fund for the purchase of table furniture, vegetables, and 
other comforts for the recruits. For the accountability 
of this fund, the principles laid down under the head of 
Council of Administration (General Regulations} will 
apply. 

Every officer commanding a recruiting party will pro- 
cure the necessary transportation, forage, fuel, straw, and 
stationer} 7 ", taking the requisite vouchers ; but no non- 
commissioned officer or soldier is to be allowed to become 
a contractor for the supplying of any article which may 
be required. 

The transportation of recruits to depots, and from one 
recruiting station to another, will be paid from the re- 
cruiting funds ; transportation of officers and enlisted 
men on the recruiting service, will be paid in the same 
manner, except when first proceeding to join that ser- 
vice, or returning to their regiments after having been 
relieved. 

The necessary blank enlistments, muster rolls, printed 
returns and forms, will be furnished by the Adjutant 
General to all officers employed on the recruiting ser- 
vice, on their requisitions made direct to him : they are 
prohibited from using any other forms or blanks what- 
ever. 

Surgeons will be particularly attentive to the exam- 
ination of recruits, and suffer no man to pass who has 
not, at his examination, been stripped of all his clothes, 
in order to ascertain, as far as possible, that he has the 
perfect use of all his limbs ; that he has no tumors, 
ulcerated legs, ruptures, nor chronic cutaneous affection, 
nor other infirmity, which may render him uufit for the 
active duties of the field, or be the means of introducing 
disease into the army : and it shall be their duty to 
ascertain, as far as practicable, whether the recruit is an 



RECRUITING OFFICERS. 115 

habitual drunkard, or subject to convulsions of any kind, 
or has received any contusions or wounds in the head 
which might produce occasional insanity. With any of 
these defects, the man must be refused, as being unfit 
for service. 



FOEM FOE EXAMINING A RECRUIT. 

Recruit John Brown, age 23, occupation Laborer, horn in 
Ohio, presented by Lieut. Johnston, 12th Infantry. 

1. Have you ever been sick ? Yes. 

When, and of what disease ? Two years ago : with 
fever and ague. 

2. Have you any disease now, and what ? None. 

3. Have you ever had fits ? No. 

4. Have you ever received an injury or wound upon 
the head ? Yes ; from a fall when a child. 

5. Have you ever had a fracture, a dislocation, or a 
sprain ? No. 

6. Are you in the habit of drinking ? Sometimes. 
Or have you ever had the '■' horrors " ? No. 

7. Are you subject to the piles ? No. 

8. Have you difficulty in urinating ? No. 

9. Have you been vaccinated, or had the small-pox ? 
Vaccinated — yes : small-pox — no. 

Head. Normal. 
Ears. Normal. 
Face. Normal. 

Eyes and Appendages. Normal. 
Nose. Broken — but no disqualification. 
Organs of Mastication and Voice. Two upper teeth 
on right side of jaw gone. 



116 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

Keck. Normal. 
Chest. Thirty-four inches. 
Abdomen. Normal. 
Genital and Urinary Organs. Normal. 
Vertebral Column. Normal. 
Superior Extremities. Normal. 
Inferior Extremities. Very slight varicose veins on 
left leg. 

Kemarks : — Approved. 

WILLIAM BAKTLETT, 

Impeding Surgeon. 
Date : April 10, 1861. 
Eendezvous : Newport, Ky. 



RATIONS, CAMP EQUIPAGE, ETC. 



118 



V. S. VOLUNTEER. 



TABLE SHOWING THE QUANTITY IN BULK 







Fresh 




Hard 








Pork. 


Beef. 


Flour. 


Bread. 


Beans. 


Rice. 


u 

,£3 . 


-£ 


« 


a> 


02 

"JO 


<E 


X 


r3 


a 




00 


k 




TJ 


01 


1° 




d 


u 


d 






a 


a 


d 








c 


o 




d 


c 


S3 


c 




d 


C 


d 




rt 




s 


d 


d 


gfl 


o 




o 




nd 


o 




c 


S 


2 




o 


d 


& 


c^ 


Ph 


12 


p* 


O 


W 


ft 


O 


PM 


pq 


C* 


c 


Pn 


o 


1 


1 


4 




1 


2 


1 






0.64 


1.6 


10 




7 


8 


12 


8 




11 


4 


10 






6.40 


1 




100 




75 




125 






112 


8 


100 




8 




10 




1,000 


3 


150 




1,250 




5 


145 




1,000 


2 


16 




100 




10,000 


37 


100 




12,500 




57 


78 




10,000 


25 






1,000 





General Orders. 
No. 3. ' 



War Department, 
Adjutant General's Office, 
Washington, March 4, 1859. 



The following regulations have been received from the 
War Department, and are published for the information 
and goverment of all concerned : 

1. Purchases by the Subsistence Department of 
"pickles," "sour krout," "dried fruits," and "fresh 
vegetables," unless for the sick in hospital, are prohibited 
for the future. 

2. Two "issues" per week of " desiccated vegetables " 
may bo made in lieu of "beans" or "rice." 

3. When fresh beef can be procured at 6J^ cents, or 
less, per pound, net weight, it will be issued to the troops 
five times per week. 

By order of the Secretary of War. 

S. COOPER, 
Adgt. General. 



RATIONS AND CAMP EQUIPAGE. 



119 



OF ANY NUMBER OF RATIONS FROM 1 TO 10,000. 



' 






Adaman. 






-CG3 ' 


Coffee. 


Sugar. 


Vinegar. 


Candles. 


Soap. 


Salt. 


to ri 


TO 

a 
o 


03 

a 
o 

13 

o 
1.6 


c 

o 

p* 


c 
o 


02 
O 

O 


s 


to 

G 

G 


to 

4> 
O 

g 

O 


5 
g 
o 
Ph 


o 
C 

3 

o 


pq 


G 

a 


03 


.2 £ d 






2.4 




0.32 




0.25 




0.64 






0.16 


TO-Q G 


1 




1 


8 




3.20 




12. 5 




6.40 






1.60 


^ O CG oj 


10 




15 




1 




1 


4. 


4 






2 




siaSS 


100 




150 




10 




12 


8. 


40 






20 




Re 

in lie 
iieu ( 
of be 


1,000 




1,500 




100] 




125 




400 




6 


8 





CAMP EQUIPAGE 

Consists of tents, tent poles, tent pins, camp hatchets 
and axes, spades and shovels ; sheet iron camp kettles of 
various sizes, for boiling coffee, meat, and vegetables; 
mess pans of the same material, assorted sizes, shape of 
ordinary tin pans. The soldier in* the field has no 
plates, knives, and forks; but usually carries a large 
butcher knife worn in a scabbard on the waist belt. 

The Commissary Department furnishes the rations, 
and the Quartermaster Department the camp equipage. 

The rations are furnished, in bulk, to the Regimental 
Commissary of Subsistence, and he breaks the packages 
and issues to the companies, on regular returns, for four, 
seven or ten days at a time. Cooks are detailed from 
each company to cook the rations ; and the soldier's 
meals are served at regular hours : breakfast about half 
an hour after revielle, dinner about noon, and supper 
just after retreat. 



120 U. S. VOLUNTEER, 

Wall tents are issued to officers, sibley tents to enlisted 



ALLOWANCE OF CAMP EQUIPAGE. 

























0) 


























































£ 


tt 










u 




93 








A 


a 


a 


efl 


£ 


C3 


3 


2 


:: 




X 


ed 




H 


OQ 


< 


Pn 


- 


u 


3 




1 




1 




2 




1 




1 




1 




1 




1 




1 




1 




1 




I 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 



A General • • 

Field or Staff Officer above the rank of Capt 

Other Staff Officers or Captains 

Subalterns of a company, to every two 

To every 20 foot and 17 mounted men 



Of the tents allowed to general and field offices, one 
is intended for private use, the others are for officers for 
transaction of camp business. 

Bake ovens (Dutch ovens), though very necessary for 
baking bread, etc., are not issued ; the} r are purchased 
from the company fund (a contingent fund obtained by 
sales of accumulated rations in a company.) Six assorted 
sizes should be the allowance to a company of 84 men. 



\ttltlt» tt Wm. 



AN ACT 

For establishing rules and articles for the government of 
the armies of the United States.* 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of 
Representatives of the United States of America, in Con- 
gress assembled^ That from and after the passing of this 
act, the following shall be the rules and articles by which 
the armies of the United States shall be governed: 

Article 1. Every officer now in the army of the 
United States shall, in six months from (he passing of 
this act, and every officer who shall hereafter be ap- 
pointed shall before he enters on the duties of his office, 
subscribe these rules and regulations. 

Art. 2. It is earnestly recommended to all officers 
and soldiers diligently to attend divine service; and all 
officers who shall behave indecently or irreverently at 
any place of divine worship shall, if commissioned 
officers, be brought before a general court-martial, there 
to be publicly and severely reprimanded by the presi- 
dent; if non-commissioned officers or soldiers, every 
person so offending shall, for his first offense, forfeit one- 
eixth of a dollar, to be deducted out of his next pay; for 
the second offense, he shall not only forfeit a like sum, 

* These rules and articles, with the exceptions indicated by the notes, 
annexed to articles 20, 65, and 87, remain unaltered, and in force at 
present. 

(121) 



122 



V. S. VOLUNTEER. 



but be confined twenty-four hours ; and for every like 
offense shall suffer and pay in like manner; which 
money, so forfeited, shall be applied, by the captain or 
senior officer of the troop or company, to the use of the 
sick soldiers of the company or troop to which the offen- 
der belongs. 

Art. 3. Any non-commissioned officer or soldier who 
shall use any profane oath or execration, shall incur the 
penalties expressed in the foregoing article; and a com- 
missioned officer shall forfeit and pay, for each and 
every such offense, one dollar, to be applied as in the 
preceding article. 

Art. 4. Every chaplain commissioned in the army 
or armies of the United States, who shall absent himself 
from the duties assigned him (excepting in cases of 
6ickness or leave of absence,) shall, on conviction thereof 
before a court-martial, be fined not exceeding one 
month's pay, besides the loss of his pay during his ab- 
sence; or be discharged, as the said court-martial shall 
judge proper. ; 

Art. 5. Any officer or soldier who shall use contemp- 
tuous or disrespectful words against the President of the 
United States, against the Vice-President thereof, against 
the Congress of the United States, or against the Chief 
Magistrate or Legislature of any of the United States, in 
which he may be quartered, if a commissioned officer, 
shall be cashiered, or otherwise punished, as a court- 
martial shall direct; if a non-commissioned officer or 
6oldier, he shall suffer such punishment as shall be in- 
flicted on him by the sentence of a court-martial. 

Art. 6. Any officer or soldier who shall behave 
himself with contempt or disrespect toward his com- 
manding officer shall be punished, according to the 
nature of his offense, by the judgment of a court-mar- 
tial. •••••• 

Art. 7. Any officer or soldier who shall begin, ex- 
cite, cause or join in, any mutiny or sedition, in any 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 123 

troop or company in the service of the United States, or 
in any party, post, detachment, or guard, shall suffer 
death or such other punishmen"t as by a court-martial 
shall be inflicted. 

Art. 8. Any officer, non-commissioned officer or sol- 
dier, who, being present at any mutiny or sedition, does 
not use his utmost endeavor to suppress the same, or, 
coming to the knowledge of any intended mutiny, does 
not, without delay, give information thereof to his com- 
manding officer, shall be punished by the sentence of a 
court-martial with death, or otherwise, according to the 
nature of his offense. 

Art. 9. Any officer or soldier who shall strike his 
superior officer, or draw or lift up any weapon, or offer 
any violence against him, being in the execution of his 
office, on any pretence whatsoever, or shall disobey any 
lawful command of his superior officer, shall suffer 
death, or such other punishment as shall, according to 
the nature of his offense, be inflicted upon him by the 
sentence of a court-martial. 

Art. 10. Every non-commissioned officer or soldier, 
who shall enlist himself in the service of the United 
States, shall at the time of his so enlisting, or within six 
days afterward, have the articles for the government of 
the armies of the United States read to him, and shall, 
by the officer who enlisted him, or by the commanding 
officer of the troop or company into which he was en- 
listed, be taken before the next justice of the peace, or 
chief magistrate of any city or town corporate, not being 
an officer of the army, or where recourse can not be had 
to the civil magistrate, before the judge advocate, and in 
his presence shall take the following oath or affirmation: 
"I, A. B., do solemnly swear or affirm, (as the case may 
be,) that I will bear true allegiance to the United States 
of America, and that I will serve them honestly and 
faithfully against all their enemies or opposers what- 
eoeTer; and observe and obey the orders of the President 



124 XT. S. YOLTTNTEER. 

of the United States, and the orders of the officers ap- 
pointed over me, according to the rules and articles 
for the government of the armies of the United States." 
"Which justice, magistrate, or judge-advocate is to give 
to the officer a certificate, signifying that the man en- 
listed did take the said oath or affirmation. 

Art. 11. After a non-commissioned officer or soldier 
shall have been duly enlisted and sworn, he shall not be 
dismissed the service without a discharge in writing; 
and no discharge granted to him shall be sufficient, which 
is not signed by a field officer of the regiment to which 
he belongs, or commanding officer, where no field officer 
of the regiment is present; and no discharge shall be 
given to a non-commissioned officer or soldier before 
his term of service has expired, but by order of the Pre- 
sident, the Secretary of War, the commanding officer of 
a department, or the sentence of a general court-martial, 
nor shall a commissioned officer be discharged the ser- 
vice but by order of the President of the United States, 
or by sentence of a general court-martial. 

Art. 12. Every colonel, or other officer commanding 
a regiment, troop, or company, and actually quartered 
with it, may give furloughs to non-commissioned officers 
or soldiers, in such numbers, and for so long a time as 
he shall judge to be most consistent with the good of the 
service; and a captain or other inferior officer, com- 
manding a troop or company, or in any garrison, fort, 
or barrack of the United States (his field officer being 
absent,) may give furloughs to non-commissioned officers 
or soldiers, for a time not exceeding twenty days in six 
months, but not to more than two persons to be absent at 
the same time, excepting some extraordinary occasion 
should require it. 

Art. 13. At every muster, the commanding officer of 
each regiment, troop or company, there present, shall 
give to the commissary of musters, or other officer who 
musters the said regiment, troop, or company, certificate* 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 125 

signed by himself, signifying how long such officers, as 
shall not appear at the said muster, have been absent, 
and the reason of their absence. In like manner, the 
commanding officer of every troop or company shall give 
certificates, signifying the reasons of the absence of the 
non-commissioned officers and private soldiers; which 
reasons and time of absence shall be inserted in the 
muster-rolls, opposite the names o F the respective absent 
officers and soldiers. The certificates shall, together 
with the muster-rolls, be remitted by the commissary 
of musters, or other officer mustering, to the department 
of war, as speedily as the distance of the place will 
admit. 

Art. 14. Every officer who shall be convicted before 
a general court-martial of having signed a false certi- 
ficate, relating to the absence of either officer or pri- 
vate soldier, or relative to his or their pay, shall be 
cashiered. 

Art. 15. Every officer who shall knowingly make a 
false muster of man or horse, and every officer or com- 
missary of musters, who shall willingly sign, direct, or 
allow the signing of muster-rolls wherein such false 
muster is contained, shall, upon proof made thereof, by 
two witnesses, before a general court-martial, be cashier- 
ed, and shall be thereby utterly disabled to have or hold 
any office or employment in the service of the United 
States. 

Art. 16. Any commissary of musters, or other officer, 
who shall be convicted of having taken money, or other 
thing, by way of gratification, on mustering any regi- 
ment, troop, or company, or on signing muster-rolls, 
shall be displaced from his office, and shaft be thereby 
utterly disabled to have or hold any office or employment 
in the service of the United States. 

Art. 17. Any officer who shall presume to muster a 
person as a soldier who is not a soldier, shall be deemed 



126 



V. S. VOLUNTEER. 



guilty of having made a false muster, and shall suffer 
accordingly. 

Art. 18. Every officer who shall knowingly make a 
false return to the department of war, or to any of his 
superior officers, authorized to call for such returns, of 
the state of the regiment, troop, or company, or garrison, 
under his command; or of the arms, ammunition, cloth- 
ing, or other stores thereunto belonging, shall, on 
conviction thereof before a court-martial, be cashiered. 

Art. 19. The commanding officer of every regiment, 
troop or independent company, or garrison, of the United 
States, shall, in the beginning of every month, remit, 
through the proper channels, to the department of war, 
an exact return of the regiment, troop, independent com- 
pany, or garrison, under his command, specifying the 
names of the officers then absent from their posts, with 
the reasons for and the time of their absence. And any 
officer who shall be convicted of having, through neglect 
or design, omitted sending such returns, shall be pun- 
ished according to the nature of his crime, by the judg- 
ment of a general court-martial. 

Art. 20. All officers and soldiers who have received 
pay, or have been duly enlisted in the service of the 
United States, and shall be convicted of having deserted 
the same, shall suffer death or such other punish- 
ment as, by sentence of a court-martial, shall be in- 
flicted.* 

Art. 21. Any non-commissioned officer or soldier who 
shall, without leave from his commanding officer, absent 
himself from his troop, company, or detachment, shall, 
upon being convicted thereof, be punished according to 
the nature of his offense, at the discretion of a court 
martial. 

Art. 22. No non-commissioned officer or soldier shall 

♦Modified by act 29th of May, 1830. 



AKTICLES OT WAR, 127 

enlist himself in any other regiment, troop, or company 
•without a regular discharge from the regiment, troop, or 
company in which he last served, on the penalty of being 
reputed a deserter, and suffering accordingly. And in case 
any officer shall knowingly receive and entertain such 
non-commissioned officer or soldier, or shall not, after his 
being discovered to be a deserter, immediately confine him, 
and give notice thereof to the corps in which he last serv- 
ed, the said officer shall, by a court-martial, be cashiered. 

Art. 23. Any officer or soldier who shall be convict- 
ed of having advised or persuaded any other officer or 
soldier to desert the service of the United States, shall 
suffer death, or such other punishment as shall be in- 
flicted upon him by the sentence of a court-martial. 

Art. 24. No officer or soldier shall use any reproach- 
ful or provoking speeches or gestures to another, upon 
pain, if an officer, of being put in arrest; if a soldier, 
confined, and of asking pardon of the party offended, in 
the presence of his commanding officer. 

Art. 25. No officer or soldier shall send a challenge 
to another officer or soldier, to fight a duel, or accept a 
challenge if sent, upon pain, if a commissioned officer, 
of being cashiered ; if a non-commissioned officer or sol- 
dier, of suffering corporeal punishment, at the discretion 
of a court-martial. 

Art. 26. If any commissioned or non-commissioned 
officer commanding a guard shall knowingly or willingly 
suffer any person whatsoever to go forth to fight a duel, 
he shall be punished as a challenger; and all seconds, 
promoters, and carriers of challenges, in order to duels, 
shall be deemed principals, and be punished accordingly. 
And it shall be the duty of every officer commanding an 
army, regiment, company, post or detachment, who is 
knowing to a challenge being given or accepted by any 
officer, non-commissioned officer, or soldier, under his 
command, or has reason to believe the same to be the case, 
immediately to arrest and bring to trial such offenders. 



128 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

Art. 27. All officers, of what condition soever, have 
power to part and quell all quarrels, frays, and disor- 
ders, though the persons concerned should belong to 
another regiment, troop, or company; and either to order 
officers into arrest, or non-commissioned officers or soldiers 
into confinement, until their proper superior officers shall 
be acquainted therewith; and whosoever shall refuse to 
obey such officer (though of an inferior rank), or shall 
draw his sword upon him, shall be punished at the dis- 
cretion of a general court-martial. 

Art. 28. Any officer or soldier who shall upbraid 
another for refusing a challenge, shall himself be pun- 
ished as a challenger; and all officers and soldiers are 
hereby discharged from any disgrace or opinion of dis- 
advantage which might arise from their having refused 
to accept of challenges, as they will only have acted iu 
obedience to the laws, and done their duty as good sol- 
diers who subject themselves to discipline. 

Art. 29. No sutler shall be permitted to sell any kind 
of liquors or victuals, or to keep their houses or shops 
open for the entertainment of soldiers, after nine at 
night, or before beating of the reveille, or upon Sundays, 
during divine service or sermon, on the penalty of being 
dismissed from all future sutling. 

Art. 30. All officers commanding in the field, forts, 
barracks, or garrisons of the United States, are hereby 
required to see that the persons permitted to suttle shall 
supply the soldiers with good and wholesome provisions, 
or other articles, at a reasonable price, as they shall be 
auswerable for their neglect. 

Art. 81. No officer commanding in any of the garri- 
sons, forts, or birracks of the United States, shall exact 
exorbitant prices for houses or stalls, let out to sutlers, 
or connive at the like exactions of others; nor by his 
own authority, and for his private advantage, lay any 
duty or imposition upon, or be interested in, the sale 
of any victuals, liquors, or other necessaries of life 



ARTICLES OF WAK. 129 

brought, into the garrison, fort, or barracks, for the use 
of the soldiers, on the penalty of being discharged from 
the service. 

Art. 32. Every officer commanding in quarters, gar- 
risons, or on the march, shall keep good order, and, to 
the utmost of his power, redress all abuses or disorders 
which may be committed by any officer or soldier under 
his command; if, upon complaint made to him of officers 
or soldiers beating or otherwise ill-treating any person, 
or disturbing fairs or markets, or committing any kind 
of riots, to the disquieting of the citizens of the United 
States, he, the said commander, who shall refuse or omit 
to see justice done to the offender or offenders, and repa- 
ration made to the party or parties injured, as far as part 
of the offender's pay shall enable him or them, shall, upon 
proof thereof, be cashiered, or otherwise punished, as a 
general court-martial shall direct. 

Art. 33. When any commissioned officer or soldier 
shall be accused of a capital crime, or of having used 
violence, or committed any offence against the person or 
property of any citizen of any of the United States, such 
as is punishable by the known laws of the land, the com- 
manding officer and officers of every regiment, troop, or 
company, to which the person or persons so accused shall 
belong, are hereby required, upon application duly made 
by, or in behalf of the party or parties injured, to use 
their utmost endeavors to deliver over such accused per- 
son or persons to the civil magistrate, and likewise to be 
aiding and assisting to the officers of justice in appre- 
hending and securing the person or persons so accused, 
in order to bring him or them to trial. If any command- 
ing officer or officers shall willfully neglect, or shall re- 
fuse, upon the application aforesaid, to deliver over such 
accused person or persons to the civel magistrates, or to 
be aiding and assisting to the officers of justice in appre- 
hending such person or persons, the officer or officers sc 
offending shall be cashiered, 
h 



130 V. S. VOLUNTEER. 

Art. 34. If any officer shall think himself wronged 
by his colonel, or the commanding officer of the regiment, 
and shall, upon due application being made to him, be 
refused redress, he may complain to the general com- 
manding in the State or Territory where such regiment 
shall be stationed, in order to obtain justice; who is 
hereby required to examine into said complaint, and take 
proper measures for redressing the wrong conplained of, 
and transmit, as soon as possible, to the department of 
war, a true state of such complaint, with the proceedings 
had thereon. 

Art. 35. If any inferior officer or soldier shall think 
himself wronged by his captain or other officer, he is to 
complain thereof to the commanding officer of the regi- 
ment, who is hereby required to summon a regimental 
court-martial, far the doing justice to the complainant; 
from which regimental court-martial either party may, 
if he thinks himself still aggrieved, appeal to a general 
court-martial. But if, upon a second hearing, the appeal 
shall appear vexatious and groundless, the person so 
appealing shall be punished at the discretion of the said 
court-martial. 

Art. 36. Any commissioned officer, store-keeper, or 
commissary, who shall be convicted at a general court- 
martial of having sold, without a proper order for that 
purpose, embezzled, misapplied, or willfully, or through 
neglect, suffered any of the provisions, forage, arms, 
clothing, ammunition, or other military store belong to 
the United States to be spoiled or damaged, shall, at his 
own expense, make good the loss or damage, and shall, 
moreover, forfeit all his pay, and be dismissed from the 
service. 

Art. 37. Any non-commissioned officer or soldier who 
shall be convicted at a regimental court-martial of hav- 
ing sold, or designedly or through neglect, wasted the 
ammunition delivered out to him, to be employed in the 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 131 

service of the United States, shall be punished at tho 
discretion of such court. 

Art. 38. Every non-commissioned officer or soldier 
who shall be convicted before a court-martial of having 
sold, lost, or spoiled, through neglect, his horse, arms, 
clothes, or accoutrements, shall undergo such weekly 
stoppages (not exceeding half of his pay) as such court- 
martial shall judge sufficient, for repairing the loss or 
damage; and shall suffer confinement, or such other cor- 
poreal punishment as his crime shall deserve. 

Art. 39. Every officer who shall be convicted before 
a court-martial of having embezzled or misapplied any 
money with which he may have been intrusted, for the 
payment of the men under his command, or for enlisting 
men into the service, or for other purposes, if a commis- 
sioned officer, shall be cashiered, and compelled to refund 
the money; if a non-commissioned officer, shall be re- 
duced to the ranks, be put under stoppages until the 
money is made good, and suffer such corporeal punish- 
ment as such court-martial shall direct. 

Art. 40. Every captain of a troop or company is 
charged with the arms, accoutrements, ammunition, 
clothing, or other warlike stores belonging to the troop 
or company under his c ommand, which he is to be ac- 
countable for to his colonel in case of their being lost, 
spoiled, or damaged, not by unavoidable accidents, or on 
actual service. 

Art. 41. All non-commissioned officers and soldiers 
who shall be found one mile from the camp without 
leave, in writing, from their commissioned officer, shall 
surfer such punishment as shall be inflicted upon them 
by the sentence of a court-martial. 

Art. 42. No officer or soldier shall lie out of his 
quarters, garrison, or camp without leave from his supe- 
rior officer, upon penalty of being punished according to 
the nature of his offense, by the sentence of a court- 
martial. 



132 U. S. VOLUNTEEh, 

Art. 13. Every non-commissioned officer and soldier 
shall rehire to his quarters or tent at the beating of the 
retreat; in default of which he shall be punished accord- 
ing to fcJ e nature of his offense. 

Art. 14. No officer, non-commissioned officer, or sol- 
dier sha 1 fail in repairing, at the time fixed, to the place 
of para< e, of exercise, or other rendezvous appointed by 
his commanding officer, if not prevented by sickness or 
some ot ler evident necessity, or shall go from the said 
place of rendezvous without leave from his commanding 
officer, t efore he shall be regularly dismissed or relieved, 
on the j enalty of being punished, according to the nature 
of his olense, by the sentence of the court-martial. 

Art. 45. Any commissioned officer who shall be found 
drunk oi his guard, party, or other duty, shall be cash- 
iered. k.ny non-commissioned officer or soldier so offend- 
ing sha 1 suffer such corporeal punishment as shall be 
inflicted by the sentence of a court-martial. 

Art. 46. Any sentinel who shall be found sleeping 
upon his post, or shall leave it before he shall be regu- 
larly relieved, shall suffer death, or such other punish- 
ment as shall be inflicted by the sentence 'of a court- 
martial. 

Art. 47. No soldier belonging to any regiment, troop, 
or company shall hire another to do his duty for him, or 
be excu ed from duty but in cases of sickness, disability, 
or leave of absence ; and every such soldier found guilty 
of hirin $ his duty, as also the party so hired to do anoth- 
er's dut y, shall be punished at the discretion of a regi- 
mental ;ourt-martial. 

Art. 48. And every non-commissioned officer con- 
niving r.i,t such hiring of duty aforesaid, shall be reduced; 
and every commissiooned officer knowing and allowing 
such ill practices in the service, shall be punished by the 
judgment of a general court-martial. 

Art. 49. Any officer belonging to the service of the 
United States, who, by discharging of firearms, drawing 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 133 

of swords, beating of drums, or by any other means 
whatsoever, shall occasion false alarms in can p, garri- 
son, or quarters, shall suffer death, or such othe ..* punish- 
ment as shall be ordered by the sentence of a general 
court-martial. 

Art. 60. Any officer or soldier who shall, without 
urgent necessity, or without the leave of his superior 
officer, quit his guard, platoon, or division, shall be 
punished, according to the nature of his offen e, by the 
sentence of a court-martial. 

Art. 51. No officer or soldier shall do violerce to any 
person who brings provisions or other necessai ies to the 
camp, garrison, or quarters of the forces of t,e United 
States, employed in any parts out of the sa d States, 
upon pain of death, or such other punishment a I a court- 
martial shall direct. 

Art. 52. Any officer or soldier who shall r dsbehave 
himself before the enemy, run away, or shamefi lly aban- 
don any fort, post, or guard which he or the ;• may be 
commanded to defend, or speak words inducing others to 
do the like, or shall cast away his arms and am nunition, 
or who shall quit his post or colors to plundei and pil- 
lage, every such offender, being duly convictet thereof, 
shall suffer death, or such other punishment as shall 
be ordered by the sentence of a general court-i lartial. 

Art. 53. Any person belonging to the arm es of the 
United States who shall make known the wat< hword to 
any person who is not entitled to receive it iccording 
to the rules and discipline of war, or shall p esume to 
give a parole or watchword different from wl at he re- 
ceived, shall suffer death, or such other pi nishment 
as shall be ordered by the sentence of a general court- 
martial. 

Art. 54. All officers and soldiers are to behave 
themselves orderly in quarters and on their nu/rch; and 
whoever shall commit any waste or spoil, either in walks 
of trees, parks, warrens, fish-ponds, houses, o:* gardens, 



134 tJ. S. VOLUNTEER. 

corn-fields, inclosures of meadows, or shall maliciously 
destroy any property whatsoever, belonging to the in ha- 
bitants of the United States, unless by order of the then 
commander-in-chief of the armies of the said States, 
shall, (besides such penalties as they are liable to by 
law,) be punished according to the nature and degree of 
the offense, by the judgment of a regimental or general 
court-martial. 

Art. 55. Whosoever belonging to the armies of the 
United States in foreign parts, shall force a safeguard, 
shall suffer death. 

Art. 56. Whosoever shall relieve the enemy with 
money, victuals, or ammunition, or shall knowingly 
harbor or protect an enemy, shall suffer death, or such 
other punishment as shall be ordered by the sentence of 
a court-martial. 

Art. 57. Whosoever shall be convicted of holding 
correspondence with, or giving intelligence to, the 
enemy, either directly or indirectly, shall suffer death, 
or such other punishment as shall be ordered by the sen- 
tence of a court-martial. 

Art. 58. All public stores taken in the enemy's 
camp, towns, forts, or magazines, whether of artillery, 
ammunition, clothing, forage or provisions, shall be se- 
cured for the service of the United States; for the 
neglect of which the commanding officer is to be an- 
swerable. 

Art. 59. If any commander of any garrison, fortress, 
or post shall be compelled, by the officers and soldiers 
under his command, to give up to the enemy, or to aban- 
don it, the commissioned officers, non-commissioned offi- 
cers, or soldiers who shall be convicted of having so 
offended, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as 
shall be inflicted upon them by the sentence of a court- 
martial. 

Art. 60. All sutlers and retainers to the camp, and 
all persons whatsoever, serving with the armies of the 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 135 

United States in the field, though not enlisted soldiers, 
are to be subject to orders, according to the rules and 
discipline of war. 

Art. 61. Officers having brevets or commissions of a. 
prior date to those of the regiment in which they serve, 
may take place in courts-martial and on detachments, 
when composed of different corps, according to the ranks 
given them in their brevets or dates of their former com- 
missions ; but in the regiment, troop, or company to 
which such officers belong, they shall do duty and take 
rank both in courts-martial and on detachments which 
shall be composed of their own corps, according to 
the commissions by which they are mustered in the said 
corps. 

Art. 62. If, upon marches, guards, or in quarters, dif- 
ferent corps of the army shall happen to join, or do duty 
together, the officer highest in rank of the line of the army, 
marine corps, or militia, by commission, there on duty 
or in quarters, shall command the whole, and give orders 
for what is needful to the service, unless otherwise spe- 
cially directed by the President of the United States, ac- 
cording to the nature of the case. 

Art. 63. The functions of the engineers being gen- 
erally confined to the most elevated branch of military 
science, they are not to assume, nor are they subject to 
be ordered on any duty beyond the line of their imme- 
diate profession, except by the special order of the Presi- 
dent of the United States ; but they are to receive every 
mark of respect to which their rank in the army may 
entitle them respectively, and are liable to be transferred, 
at the discretion of the President, from one corps to 
another, regard being paid to rank. 

Art. 64. General courts-martial may consist of any 
number of commissioned officers, from five to thirteen, 
inclusively ; but they shall not consist of less than thir- 
teen where that number can be convened without mani- 
fest injury to the service. 



136 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

Art. 65.* Arcy general officer commanding an army, 
or colonel commanding a separate department, may ap- 
point general courts-martial whenever necessary. But 
no sentence of a court-martial shall be carried into exe- 
cution until after the whole proceedings shall have been 
laid before the officer ordering the same, or the officer 
commanding the troops for the time being; neither shall 
any sentence of a general court-martial, in the time of 
peace, extending to the loss of life, or the dismission of 
a commissioned officer, or which shall, either in time of 
peace or war, respect a general officer, be carried into 
execution, until after the whole proceedings shall have 
been transmitted to the Secretary of War, to be laid 
before the President of the United States for his confir- 
mation or disapproval, and orders in the case. All other 
sentences may be confirmed and executed by the officer 
ordering the court to assemble, or the commanding offi- 
cer for the time being, as the case may be. 

Art. 66. Every officer commanding a regiment or 
corps may appoint for his own regiment or corps, courts- 
martial, to consist of three commissioned officers, for the 
trial and punishmenl of offenses not capital, and decide 
upon their sentences. For the same purpose, all officers 
commanding any of the garrisons, forts, barracks, or 
other places where the troops consist of different corps, 
may assemble courts-martial, to consist of three commis- 
sioned officers and decide upon their sentences. 

Art. 67, No garrison or regimental court-martial 
shall have the power to try capital cases or commissioned 
officers; neither shall they inflict a fine exceeding one 
month's pay, nor imprison, nor put to hard labor, any 
non-commissioned officer or soldier for a longer time than 
one month. 

Art. 68. Whenever it may be found convenient and 
necessary to the public service, the officers of the marines 

♦Modified by act 29th of May, 1830. 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 137 

shall be associated with the officers of the land forces, 
for the purposes of holding courts-martial, and trying 
oifenders belonging to either; and, in such cases, the 
orders of the senior officer of either corps who may 
be present and duly authorized, shall be received and 
obeyed. 

Art. 69. The judge advocate, or some person deputed 
by him, or by the general, or officer commanding the army, 
detachment, or garrison, shall prosecute in the name of the 
United States, but shall so far consider himself as counsel 
for the prisoner, after the said prisoner shall have made his 
plea, as to object to any leading question to any of the wit- 
nesses, or any question to the prisoner, the answer to which 
might tend to criminate himself; and administer to each 
member of the court, before they proceed upon any trial, 
the following oath, which shall also be taken by all mem- 
bers of the regimental and garrison courts-martial : 

"You, A. B., do swear that you will well and truly try 
and determine, according to evidence, the matter now before 
you, between the United States of America and the prisoner 
to be tried, and that you will duly administer justice, ac- 
cording to the provisions of 'An act establishing Kules 
and Articles for the government of the armies of the United 
States/ without partiality, favor, or affection ; and if any 
doubt should arise, not explained by said Articles, accord- 
ing to your conscience, the best of your understanding, and 
the custom of war in like cases ; and you do further swear 
that you will not divulge the sentence of the court until it 
shall be published by the proper authority ; neither will 
you disclose or discover the vote or opinion of any par- 
ticular member of the court-martial, unless required to give 
evidence thereof, as a witness, by a court of justice, in a 
due course of law. So help you God." 

And as soon as the said oath shall have been adminis- 
tered to the respective members, the president of the court 
shall administer to the judge advocate, or person officiating 
as such, an oath in the following words : 
"You, A. B., do swear that you will not disclose or dis- 



138 U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

cover the vote or opinion of any particular member of the 
court-martial, unless required to give evidence thereof, as a 
witness, by a court of justice, in due course of law; nor 
divulge the sentence of the court to any but the proper 
authority, until it shall be duly disclosed by the same. 
So help you God." 

Art. 70. When a prisoner, arraigned before a general 
court-martial, shall, from obstinacy and deliberate design, 
stand mute, or answer foreign to the purpose, the court 
may proceed to trial and judment as if the prisoner had 
regularly pleaded not guilty. 

Art. 71. When a member shall be challenged by a 
prisoner, he must state his cause of challenge, of which 
the court shall, after due deliberation, determine the rele- 
vancy or validity, and decide accordingly ; and no chal- 
lenge to more than one member at a time shall be received 
by the court. 

Art. 72. All the members of a court-martial are to 
behave with decency and calmness ; and in giving their 
votes, are to begin with the youngest in commission. 

Art. 73. All persons who give evidence before a court- 
martial, are to be examined on oath or affirmation, in the 
following from : 

" You swear, or affirm (as the case may be), the evidence 
you shall give in the cause now in hearing shall be the 
truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. So help 
you God." 

Art. 74. On the trials of cases not capital, before courts- 
martial, the deposition of witnesses, not in the line or staff 
of the army, may be taken before some justice of the peace, 
and read in evidence ; provided the prosecutor and person 
accused are present at the taking the same, or are duly 
notified thereof. 

Art. 75. No officer shall be tried but by a general court- 
martial, nor by officers of an inferior rank, if it can be 
avoided. Nor shall any proceedings of trials be carried on 
excepting between the hours of eight in the morning and 
three in the afternoon, excepting in cases which, in the 



ARTICLES <DF WAR, 139 

opinion of the officer appointing the court-martial, require 
immediate example. 

Art. 76. No person whatsoever shall use any menacing 
words, signs, or gestures, in presence of a court-martial, or 
shall cause any disorder or riot, or disturb their proceed- 
ings, on the penalty of being punished at the discretion of 
the said court-martial. 

Art. 77. Whenever any officer shall be charged with a 
crime, he shall be arrested and confined in his barracks, 
quarters, or tent, and deprived of his sword by the com- 
manding officer. And any officer who shall leave his con- 
finement before he shall be set at liberty by his command- 
ing officer, or by a superior officer, shall be cashiered. 

Art. 78. Non-commissioned officers and soldiers, charged 
with crimes, shall be conffhed until tried by a court-mar- 
tial, or released by proper authority. 

Art. 79. No officer or soldier who shall be put in arrest 
shall continue in confinement more than eight days, or until 
such time as a court martial can be assembled. 

Art. 80. No officer commanding a guard, or provost 
marshal, shall refuse to receive or keep any prisoner com- 
mitted to his charge by an officer belonging to the forces 
of the United States; providing the officer committing 
shall, at the same time, deliver an account, in writing, 
signed by himself, of the crime with which the said pri- 
soner is charged. 

Art. 81. No officer commanding a guard, or provost 
marshal, shall presume to release any person committed to 
his charge without proper authority for so doinsr, nor shall 
he suffer any person to escape on the penalty of being pun- 
ished for it by the senteuce of a court martial. 

Art. 82. Every officer or provost marshal, to whose 
charge prisoners shall be committed, shall, within twenty- 
four hours after such commitment, or as soon as he shall be 
relieved from his guard, make report in writing, to the 
commanding officer, of their names, their crimes, and the 
names of the officers who committed them, on the penalty 



140 V. S. VOLUNTEERS. 

of being punished for disobedience or neglect, at the dis- 
cretion of a court martial. 

Art. 83. Any commissioned officer convicted before a 
general court-martial of conduct unbecoming an officer and 
a gentleman, shall be dismissed the service. 

Art. 84. In Cases where a court-martial may think it 
proper to sentence a commissioned officer Lo be suspended 
from command, they shall have power also to suspend his 
pay and emoluments for the same time, according to the 
nature and heinousness of the offense. 

Art. 85. In all cases where a commissioned officer is 
cashiered for cowardice or fraud, it shall be added in the 
sentence, that the crime, name, and place of abode, and 
punishment of the delinquent, be published in the news- 
papers in and about the camp, and of the particular State 
from which the offender came, or where he usually resides ; 
after which it shall be deemed scandalous for an officer to 
associate with him. 

Art. 86. The commanding officer of any post or detach- 
ment, in which there shall not be a number of officers ade- 
quate to form a general court-martial, shall, in cases which 
require the cognizance of such a court, report to the com- 
manding officer of the department, who shall order a court 
to be assembled at the nearest post or department, and the 
party accused, with the necessary witnesses, to be trans- 
ported to the place where the said court shall be assembled. 

Art. 87.* ~No person shall be sentenced to suffer death 
but by the concurrence of two-thirds of the members of a 
general court-martial, nor except in the cases herein ex- 
pressly mentioned ; nor shall more than fifty lashes be inflicted 
on any offender, at the discretion of'a court-martial ; and no 
officer, non-commissioned officer, soldier, or follower of the 
army, shall be tried a second time for the same offense. 

* So much of these rules and articles as authorizes the infliction of 
corporeal punishment by stripes or lashes, was specially repealed by- 
act of 16th May, 1812. By act of 2d March, 1833, the "repealing act 
was repealed, so far as it applied to the crime of desertion, which of 
course, revived the punishment by lashes for that offense. 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 141 

Art. 86. Xo person shall be liable to be tried and pun- 
ished by a general court-martial for any offense which shall 
appear to have been committed more than two years before 
the issuing of the order for such trial, unless the person, by 
reason of having absented himself, or some other manifest 
impediment, shall not have been amenable to justice within 
that period. 

Art. 89. Every officer authorized to order a general 
court-martial shall have power to pardon or mitigate any 
punishment ordered by such court, except the sentence of 
death, or of cashiering an officer ; which, in the cases 
where he has authority (by Article 65) to carry them into 
execution, he may suspend, until the pleasure of the Presi- 
dent of the United States can be known ; which suspen- 
sion, together with copies of the proceedings of the court- 
martial, the said officer shall immediately transmit to the 
President for his determination. And the colonel or com- 
manding officer of the regiment or garrison where any 
regimental or garrison court-martial shall be held, may 
pardon or mitigate any punishment ordered by such court 
to be inflicted. 

Art. 90. Every judge advocate, or person officiating as 
such, at any general court-martial, shall transmit, with as 
much expedition as the opportunity of time and distance 
of place can admit, the original proceedings and sentence 
of such court-martial to the Secretary of War ; which said 
original proceedings and sentence shall be carefully kept 
and preserved in the office of said Secretary, to the end that 
the persons entitled thereto may be enabled, upon applica- 
tion to the said office, to obtain copies thereof. 

The party tried by any general court-martial shall, upon 
demand thereof, made by himself, or by any person or per- 
sons in his behalf, be entitled to a copy of the sentence and 
proceedings of such court-martial. 

Art. 91. In cases where the general or commanding 
officer may order a court of inquiry to examine into the 
nature of any transaction, accusation, or imputation against 
any officer or soldier, the said court shall consist of one or 



142 U. S. VOLUNTEERS. 

more officers, not exceeding three, and a judge advocate, 
or other suitable person, as a recorder, to reduce the pro- 
ceedings and evidence to writing ; all of whom shall be 
sworn to the faithful performance of their duty. This 
court shall have the same power to summon witnesses as a 
court-martial, and to examine them on oath. But they 
shall not give their opinion on the merits of the case, 
excepting they shall be thereto specially required. The 
parties accused shall also be permitted to cross-examine 
and interrogate the witnesses, so as to investigate fully 
the circumstances in the question. 

Art. 92. The proceedings of a court of inquiry must be 
authenticated by the signature of the recorder and the 
president, and delivered to the commanding officer, and 
the said proceedings may be admitted as evidence by a 
court-martial, in cases not capital, or extending to the dis- 
mission of an officer, provided that the circumstances are 
such that oral testimony can not be obtained. But as courts 
of inquiry may be perverted to dishonorable purposes, and 
may be considered as engines of destruction to military 
merit, in the hands of weak and envious commandants, 
they are hereby prohibited, unless directed by the Presi- 
dent of the United States or demanded by the accused. 

Art. 93. The judge advocate or recorder shall admin- 
ister to the members the following oath : 

" You shall well and truly examine and inquire, accord- 
ing to your evidence, into the matter now before you, with- 
out partiality, favor, affection, prejudice, or hope of reward. 
So help you God." 

After which the president shall administer to the judge 
advocate or recorder the following oath : 

"You, A. B., do swear that you will, according to your 
best abilities, accurately and impartially record the pro- 
ceedings of the court, and the evidence to be given in the 
case in hearing. So help you God." 

The witnesses shall take the same oath as witnesses 
sworn before a court-martial. 

Art. 94. When any commissioned officer shall die or be 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 143 

killed in the service of the United States, the major of the 
regiment, or the officer doing the major's duty in his absence, 
or in any post or garrison, the second officer in command, or 
the assistant military agent, shall immediately secure all 
his effects or equipage, then in camp or quarters, and shall 
make an inventory thereof, and forthwith transmit the same 
to the office of the department of war, to the end that his 
executors or administrators may receive the same. 

Art. 95. When any non-commissioned officer or soldier 
shall die or be killed in the service of the United States, 
the then commanding officer of the troop or company shall, 
in the presence of two other commissioned officers, take an 
account of what effects he died possessed of, above his 
arms and accoutrements, and transmit the same to the 
office of the department of war, which said effects are to 
be accounted for, and paid to the representatives of such 
deceased non-commissioned officer or soldier. And in 
case any of the officers, so authorized to take care of the 
effects of deceased officers and soldiers, should, before they 
have accounted to their representatives for the same, have 
occasion to leave the regiment or post, by preferment or 
otherwise, they shall, before they be permitted to quit the 
same, deposit in the hands of the commanding officer, or 
of the assistant military agent, all the effects of such 
deceased non-commissioned officers and soldiers, in order 
that the same may be secured for, and paid to, their respec- 
tive representatives. 

Art. 96. All officers, conductors, gunners, matrosses, 
drivers, or other persons whatsoever, receiving pay or hire 
in the service of the artillery, or corps of engineers of the 
United States, shall be governed by the aforesaid rules and 
articles, and shall be subject to be tried by courts-martial, 
in like manner with the officers and soldiers of the other 
troops in the service of the United States. 

Art. 97. The officers and soldiers of any troops, whether 
militia or others, being mustered and in pay of the United 
States, shall, at all times and in all places, Avhen joined or 
acting in conjunction with the regular forces of the United 



144: U. S. VOLUNTEER. 

States, be governed by these rules and articles of war, and 
shall be subject to be tried by courts-martial, in like man- 
ner with the officers and soldiers in the regular forces ; 
save only that such courts-martial shall be composed en- 
tirely of militia officers. 

Art. 98. All officers serving by commission from the 
authority of any particular State, shall, on all detachments, 
courts-martial, or other duty, wherein they may be em- 
ployed in conjunction with the regular forces of the United 
States, take rank next after all officers of the like grade in 
6aid regular forces, notwithstanding the commissions of 
such militia or State officers may be older than the com- 
missions of the officers of the regular forces of the United 
States. 

Art. 99. All crimes not capital, and all disorders and 
neglects which officers and soldiers may be guilty of, to 
the prejudice of good order and military discipline, though 
not mentioued in the foregoing articles of war, are to be 
taken cognizance of by a general or regimental court- 
martial, according to the nature and degree of the offense, 
and be punished at their discretion. 

Art. 100. The President of the United States shall 
have power to prescribe the uniform of the army. 

Art. 101. The foregoing articles are to be read and pub- 
lished once in every six months, to every garrison, regiment, 
troop or company, mustered, or to be mustered in the ser- 
vice of the United States, and are to be duly observed 
and obeyed by all officers and soldiers who are, or shall 
be, in said service. 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That in time of war, 
all persons not citizens of, or owing allegiance to, the United 
States of America, who shall be found lurking as spies in 
or about the fortifications or encampments of the armies 
of the United States, or any of them, shall suffer death, 
according to the law and usage of nations, by sentence of 
a general court-martial. 

Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the rules and 
regulations by which the armies of the United States have 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 145 

heretofore been governed, and the resolves of Congress 
thereunto annexed, and respecting the same, shall hence- 
forth be void and of no effect, except so far as may relate 
to any transactions under them prior to the promulgation 
of this act, at the several posts and garrisons respectively, 
occupied by any part of the army of the United States. 
[Approved April 10, 1806.] 




AIM. 



A MANUAL 

FOR 

COLT'S KEVOLVING EIFLE, 

ADAPTED TO 

THE STANDARD DRILL 
/ 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES SERVICE:. 



BY P. T. SWAINE, 

1st lieutenant, 10th infantry, u. s. a. 



CINCINNATI: 

wrigohctson <& co., publishers. 

1861. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1861, by 

P. T. SWAINE, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, 

for the Southern District of Ohio. 






PREFACE. 



At the urgent and oft repeated solicitations of certain 
companies, armed with Colt's Eevolving Eifle, to write a 
manual for this arm, I have undertaken the task, sparing 
neither time nor labor to make it perfect and complete. 
Three* of the best drilled sergeants of the army at New- 
port Barracks, Ky., were under my instructions while 
writing the manuscript, enabling me to combine practice 
with theory ; and it is due them to say I have adopted 
some of their suggestions, which I found highly import- 
ant to the perfection of the work. 

I have endeavored, as far as practicable, to assimilate 
the manual to those now in use in the army for other 
arms, and I am confident it is as simple and complete as 
any of them ; and Colt's Eifle in the hands of those who 
load it as prescribed in this work, will undoubtedly 
prove a very effective weapon. 

It has been objected to this arm, that instances have 
occurred of more than one chamber discharging at once 
when firing ; this was not the fault of the rifle, but is 
attributable to the fact that the principles of loading were 
not fully understood, and grains of" powder were spilled 

(iii) 



IV PREFACE. 

while loading ; or the balls were imperfect, and did not 
fill the chambers, thus allowing the powder to shake 
out ; or the tubes were not capped before charging cart- 
ridge, and the powder escaped through the tubes ; this 
loose powder being ignited b} r the cap of the discharging 
chamber, communicated the fire to the other caps, and 
caused their chambers to discharge also. 

There is not the possibility of a premature discharge 
of the chambers, if Colt's Combustible Envelope Cartridge 
is used, is there is no loose powder, and the firing should 
be conducted as prescribed in the tactics, viz. : in two 
ranks. 

With ordinary cartridges, no danger of a premature dis- 
charge need be apprehended, if the loading is conducted 
as prescribed in this manual, but to provide against a care- 
less man in the rear rank, it is recommended in firing, 
that the company be formed in one rank only, or to fire 
by rank, the front rank kneeling, while the rear rank 

fires. 

P. T. SWAIN E, 

1st Lieut., 10th Inf., U. S. A. 



MANUAL 



COLT'S REYOLYING RIFLE. 



Position of Shouldered Anns. 

1. 1. The rifle in the right hand, the barrel nearly 
Vertical, and resting in the hollow of the right shoulder, 
the guard to the front, the arm hanging nearly at its 
full length ; the thumb and fore-finger embracing the 
guard, the other fingers closed and under the hammer, 
which rests on the little finger. 

2. Being at shoulder arms, the instructor commands : 

Support — Aems. 
One time and three motions. 

II. 1. At the command arms bring the rifle with the 
right hand vertically to the front, and between the eyes, 
the barrel to the rear, seize the rifle with the left hand 
at the head of the lever, raise this hand as high as the 
chin, and seize the rifle at the same time with the right 
hand four inches below the hammer. 

2. Turn the rifle with the right hand, the barrel to 
the front ; carry it to the left shoulder, and pass the left 
fore-arm extended on the breast between the right hand 

5 



6 

and the hammer ; support the hammer against the left 
fore-arm, the ringers of the left hand close together, and 
flat on the right breast. 

3. Drop the right hand quickly by the side. 

Shoulder — Arms. 
One time and three motions, 

III. 1. Grasp the rifle with the right hand under 
and against the left fore-arm, seize it with the left hand 
at the head of the lever, the thumb extended ; detach 
the rifle slightly from the shoulder, the left fore-arm 
along the stock. 

2. Carry the rifle vertically to the right shoulder with 
both hands, the barrel to the rear ; change the position 
of the right hand so as to embrace the guard with the 
thumb and fore-finger ; slip the left hand to the hight 
of the shoulder, the fingers extended and joined, the 
right arm nearly straight. 

3. Drop the left hand quickly by the side. 

Present — Arms. 
One time and two motions. 

IV. 1. With the right hand bring the rifle before the 
center of the body, the barrel to the rear ; at the same 
time seize it with the left hand half way between the 
guide sight and lower band, the thumb extended along 
the barrel and against the stock, the fore-arm horizontal 
and resting against the body, the hand as high as the 
elbow. 



REVOLVING RIFLE. ( 

2. Grasp the small of the stock with the right hand, 
below and against the guard. 

Shoulder — Arms. 
One time and two motions. 

V. 1. Bring the rifle to the right shoulder, at the 
same time change the position of the right hand so as to 
embrace the guard with the thumb and fore-finger ; slip 
up the left hand to the hight of the shoulder, the fingers 
extended and joined, the right arm nearly straight. 

2. Drop the left hand quickly by the side. 

Order — Arms. 
One time and two motions. 

VI. 1. Seize the rifle briskly with the left hand near 
the upper band, and detach it slightly from the shoulder 
with the right hand ; loosen the grasp of the right hand, 
lower the rifle with the left, re-seize it with the right 
hand at the lower band, the little finger in the rear of 
the barrel, the butt about four inches from the ground, 
the right hand supported against the hip ; drop the left 
hand by the side. 

2. Extend the right arm, bring the rifle to the ground, 
the toe of the butt two inches in front of, and two inches 
to the right of, the right toe, the guard to the front, the 
elbow near the body, the barrel vertical between the 
thumb and fore-finger, the remaining fingers in rear of 
the barrel. 



8 MANUAL FOR COLT'S 

Shoulder — Arms. 
One time and two motions. 

VII. 1. Eaise the rifle vertically with the right hand 
to the hight of the right breast, and opposite the shoulder, 
the elbow close to the body; seize the rifle with the left 
hand below the right, and drop quickly the right hand 
to grasp it at the swell of the stock, the thumb and 
fore -finger embracing the guard ; press the rifle against 
the shoulder with the left hand, the right arm nearly 
straight. 

2. Drop the left hand quickly by the side. 

Load in six times. 

1. Load * 

One time and two motions. 

VIII. 1. Bring up the rifle with the right hand oppo- 
site the left shoulder, barrel to the left, and seize it with 
the left hand near the head of the lever, the hand as 
high as the eye ; at the same time make a half face to 
the right, turning on the left heel, and carry the hollow 
of the right foot nine inches to the rear and opposite to 
the left heel ; then seize the stock four inches below the 
hammer with the right hand. 

2. Rest the butt on the upper part of the left thigh, 
and bend slightly the left knee ; remove the left hand, 

* The cap-box should be on the left in front, and the cartridge- 
box on the right in front, when loading. Before loading with 
cartridges, snap off a round of caps to blow the oil and dirt out 
of the tubes. 



REVOLVING RIFLE. 9 

half-cock the rifle, and seize it at the small of the stock 
just above the right, the left elbow close to the body, 
the muzzle well elevated ; carry the right hand to the 
cap-box. 

2. Prime. 

One time and jive motions. 

IX. 1. Take a cap from the box with the thumb and 
fore-finger of the right hand, carry it to the exposed 
tube, and press it up with the thumb ; turn the cylinder 
with the thumb and forefinger until it clicks, and carry 
the hand back to the cap-box. 

2. Same as first motion. 

3. Same as first motion. 

4. Same as first motion. 

5. Same as first motion, except the right hand will bo 
carried to the cartridge-box. 

3. Handle — Cartridge. 
One time and one motion, 

X. 1. Seize the cartridge with the thumb and next 
two fingers, and place it between the teeth, tear off the 
paper to the powder, and carry the cartridge upright to 
the chamber which shows itself toward the face. 

4. Charge — Cartridge. 

One time and two motions. 

XL 1. Empty the powder very carefully into the 
chamber so that none of the grains shall scatter outside ; 



10 MANUAL FOR COLT'S 

disengage the ball from the paper with the assistance of 
the thumb and first two fingers of the left hand, insert 
it in the chamber the point uppermost, and press it down 
with the right thumb. 

2. Turn the cylinder with the thumb and fore- finger 
of the right hand until the ball is under the lever, seize 
the lever at the clasp between the thumb and first finger 
of the right hand, and loosen it from the catch. 



5. Sam — Cartridge. 
One time and one motion, 

XII. 1. Earn the ball home by bearing down on the 
lever ; push back the lever until the clasp clicks into the 
catch, and carry the right hand back to the cartridge-box. 

[This process will be continued until all the chambers 
are loaded, with the exception that after ramming the 
last cartridge, the right hand seizes the stock just below 
the left.] 

6. Shoulder — Arms. 

One time and two motions. 

XIII. 1. Let go of the rifle with the left hand ; place 
the thumb on the hammer and fore-finger on the trigger, 
and let the hammer down into one of the cavities 
between the tubes ; then seize the rifle again near the 
head of the lever, bring the rifle to the right shoulder, 
face to the front, bringing the right foot alongside of the 
left, and press the rifle against the shoulder with the 
left hand, at the same time changing the position of the 
right hand to embrace the guard. 



REVOLVING RIFLE. 11 

2. Drop the left hand quickly by the side. 

[Should the combustible envelope cartridge be used, 
the commands will be the same, and executed as just 
prescribed, except in handling cartridge it will be taken 
to the chamber direct from the box, and in charging 
cartridge it will be inserted entire without tearing the 
paper or disengaging the ball.] 

Eeady. 
One time and tivo motions. 

XIV. 1. Raise the rifle well with the right hand, 
the cylinder at the hight of the breast ; make a half face 
to the right on the left heel ; carry the right foot to the 
rear, and place it at right angles to the left, the hollow of 
it opposite to and against the left heel ; grasp the rifle 
with the left hand at the cylinder, and detach it from 
the body, and place the thumb of the right hand on the 
hammer, the right elbow well raised. 

2. Cock the rifle by depressing the elbow, and seize it 
at the small of the stock with the right hand. 

To came to a ready from the fifth time of loading, the 
instructor commands : 

Eeady. 
One time and two motions. 

XV. 1. Bring the rifle up opposite the center of the 
body, turning the barrel to the rear, and at the same time 
draw up the right foot, the hollow of it close to the left 
heel, the rifle vertical ; change the position of left hand 
to embrace the cylinder, this hand as high as the 



12 MANUAL FOR COLT'S 

shoulders ; place the thumb of the right hand on the 
hammer, the other ringers in front, under and against 
the guard, the right elbow well raised. 

2. Cock the rifle by depressing the elbow, and bring it 
to the right side as prescribed in ready from a shoulder. 

Aim. 
One time and one motion. 

XVI. 1. Lower the muzzle, and support the butt 
against the shoulder, slide the left hand back to grasp 
the guard, the fore-finger in front of it ; lay the head 
down to the right to sight with the right eye, the left 
one closed, and place the fore-finger of the right hand on 
the trigger. 

To accustom the recruits to wait for the command fire, 
the instructor, when they are in the position of aim, will 
command : 

Recover — Arms. 

One time and one motion. 

XVII. 1. Take the finger from the trigger, raise the 
rifle quickly, and resume the position of the second 
motion of ready. 

To shoulder arms from a ready or recover, the instruc- 
tor will command : 

Shoulder — Arms. 
One time and one motion. 

XVIII. 1. At the command sJwulder, face to the 
front, place the right thumb upon the hammer, the fore- 



REVOLVING RIFLEo 13 

finger on the trigger, the other fingers under the guard ; 
let the hammer down gently upon the cap, then raise 
the hammer slightly, and turn the cylinder with the 
thumb and fore-finger of the left hand, until the hammer 
slides into the first cavity to the left ; at the command 
arms, bring the rifle briskly to the right shoulder, and 
retake the position of shoulder arms. 

Being at the position of aim, to fire, the instructor 
commands ; 

Fire. 
One time and one motion. 

XIX. 1. Pull the trigger without lowering or turn- 
ing the head, or moving the rifle, and remain in that 
position. 

To continue the firing, the commands are : 

1. Recover arms ; 2. aim ; 3. fire. 

XX. 1. The first command is executed as prescribed 
in article XVII, except in coming to the recover, the 
right thumb cocks the rifle. 

2. Second command same as article XVL 

3. Third command same as article XIX. 

If after firing the instructor does not wish to load, he 
commands ; 

Shoulder — Arms. 
One time and one motion. 

XXI. 1. Throw up the rifle quickly, face to the 
front, turning on the left heel ; bring the right heel on a 
line with the left, and resume the position of shoulder 
arms. 



14 MANUAL FOR COLT'S 

If after firing the instructor wishes to load, he com 
mands : 

Load. 
One time and two motions. 

XXII. 1. Slide the right hand back four inches, and 
carry the right foot back nine inches ; bring down the 
rifle with both hands, turning the barrel to the left, and 
place the butt on the upper part of the left thigh, muzzle 
well elevated. 

2. Half cock the rifle with the left hand, and seize it 
with this hand at the small of the stock ; remove the 
old cap exposed with one of the fingers of the right 
hand, and carry that hand to the cap-box. 

The men being in this position, the instructor will 
cause the loading to be continued by the commands and 
means prescribed Article VIII and following: observ- 
ing that before taking a new cap from the box the old 
one exposed must be removed. 

To fix bayonet from shoulder arms the commands are : 

Fix — Bayonet. 
One time and two motions, 

XXIII. 1. Turn the rifle, lock-plate to the front, 
seize the rifle with the left hand at the hight of the 
shoulder, let go with the right hand, place the butt on 
the ground at the left side, barrel to the front, the butt 
close to the left heel, and carry the right hand to the 
shank of the bayonet. 

2. Draw the bayonet from the scabbard, carry and 
fix it on the muzzle ; place the right little finger on the 



REVOLVING RIFLE. 15 

butt of the cleaning-rod, and extend the left arm, lower- 
ing the left hand along the barrel. 



S houUer — Arms. 
One time and two motions, 

XXIY. 1. Eaise the rifle with the left hand, lock 
plate to the front, carry the rifle to the right shoulder, 
seize it with the right hand as prescribed in shoulder 
arms, and press it against the shoulder with the left; 
hand. 

2. Drop the left hand quickly by the side. 

Being at an order, to fix bayonet the instructor com- 
mands : 

Fix — Bayonet. 
One time and two motions, 

XXV. 1. Face to the right once and a half on the 
left heel, carrying the right foot perpendicularly to the 
rear of the alignment, about six inches from, and at 
right angles with the left foot ; seize promptly the rifle 
with the left hand below the upper band, incline the 
muzzle to the rear without displacing the heel of the 
butt, the cleaning-rod turned toward the body; carry 
at the same time the right hand to the shank of the 
bayonet. 

2. Draw the bayonet from the scabbard, carry and 
fix it on the muzzle ; face promptly to the front, seize 
the rifle with the right hand, and retake the position of 
ordered arms. 

To unfix bayonet from shoulder arms the commands 
are: 

k 



16 MANUAL FOR COLTS 

> 

Unfix — Bayonet. 
One time and two motions. 

XX VI. 1. Same as first motion of fix bayonet, Arti- 
cle XXIII, except the right hand unclasps the bayonet, 
and seizes it at the shank, thumb extended along the 
blade. 

2. Wrest off the bayonet, return it to the scabbard, 
place immediately the right little finger on the butt of 
the cleaning-rod, and extend the left arm lowering the 
left hand along the barrel. . 

To unfix bayonet from order arms the commands are : 

Unfix — Bayonet. 
One time and two motions. 

XXVII. 1. Same as first motion of fix bayonet, Arti- 
cle XXV, except the right hand unclasps the bayonet, 
and seizes it at the shank, thumb extended along the 
blade. 

2. Wrest off the bayonet, return it to the scabbard, 
face promptly to the front, seize the rifle with the right 
hand, and retake the position of ordered arms. 

Inspection of Arms. 

XXVIII. Being at ordered arms and having the 
bayonet in the scabbard, if the instructor wishes to cause 
an inspection of arms, he will command : 

Inspection of — Arms. 
One time and two motions. 

XXIX. 1. Same as first motion, Article XXV, 



REVOLVING RIFLE. 17 

2. Same as second motion, Article XXV. 

The instructor will then inspect, in succession, the 
rifle of each man, commencing on the right. Each, as 
the instructor reaches him, will raise smartly his rifle 
with his right hand, seize it with the left between the 
guide-sight and lower band, the lock to the front, the 
left hand at the hight of the chin, the rifle opposite 
the left eye. The instructor will take it with the right 
hand at the handle, and after inspecting it will return it 
to the man, who will receive it back with the right hand, 
and replace it in the position of ordered arms. 

Charge — Bayonet. 
One time and two motions. 

XXX. 1. Eaise the rifle slightly with the right hand 
and make a half-face to the right on the left heel ; place 
the hollow of the right foot opposite to, and three inches 
from the left heel, the feet square ; seize the rifle at the 
same time with the left hand a little below the lower band. 

2. Bring down the rifle with both hands, the barrel 
uppermost, the left elbow against the body ; seize the 
small of the stock at the same time with the right hand, 
which will be supported against the hip ; the point of 
the bayonet as high as the eye. 

Shoulder — Arms. 
One time and two motions. 

XXXI. 1. Throw up the rifle briskly with the left 
hand in facing to the front ; place it against the right 
shoulder, barrel to the front ; turn the right hand so as 



18 MANUAL FOR COLICS 

embrace the guard, slide the left hand to the hight of the 
shoulder, the right arm nearly extended. 
2. Drop the left hand quickly by the side. 

Trail — Arms. 
One time and two motions, 

XXXII. 1. The same as the first motion of order 
arms. 

2. Incline the muzzle slightly to the front, the butt to 
the rear and about four inches from the ground. The 
right hand supported at the hip, will so hold the rifle 
that the rear rank men may not touch with their bay- 
onets the men in the front rank. 

Shoulder — Arms. 

XXX III. 1. At the command shoulder, raise the rifle 
perpendicularly in the right hand, the little finger in rear 
of the barrel ; at the command arms, execute what has 
been pi escribed for the shoulder from the position of 
order arms. 

Secure — Arms. 
One time and three motions. 

XXXIV. 1. The same as the first motion of support 
arms, except with the right hand seize the rifle at the 
small oi the stock. 

2. Turn the rifle with both hands, the barrel to the 
front ; bring it opposite the left shoulder, the butt against 
the hip, the thumb as high as the chin ; the rifle erect 
and detached from the shoulder, the left fore-arm against 
the rifle. 



REVOLVING EIFLE. 19 

3. Reverse the rifle, pass it under the left arm, the 
left hand remaining at the head of the lever, he little 
finger resting against the hip, the right hand falling 
at the same time by the side. 

Shoulder — Arms. 

One time and three motions. 

XXXY. 1. Raise the rifle with the left hind, and 
seize it with the right hand at the small of the stock. 
The rifle erect and detached from the shoulder, the butt 
against the hip, the left fore-arm along the piec< . 

2. The same as the second motion of sliow der arms 
from a support. 

3. The same as the third motion of shouller arms 
from a support. 

Bight shoulder shift — Arms. 

One time and two motions. 

XXXYT. 1. Detach the rifle perpendicularly from the 
shoulder with the right hand, and seize it with, the left 
just above the guide-sight, raise the rifle, the left hand 
at the hight of the shoulder and four inches from it ; 
place, at the same time, the right hand on the butt, the 
beak between the first two fingers, the other two fingers 
under the butt plate. 

2. Quit the rifle with the left hand, raise and place it 
on the right shoulder with the right hand, the lock-plate 
upward ; let Ml at the same time the left hand by the 



20 



Shoulder — Arms. 
One time and two motions. 

XXXVII. 1. Raise the rifle perpendicularly by ex- 
tending the right arm to its full length, barrel to the 
rear ; at the same time seize the rifle with the left hand 
just above the guide-sight. 

2. Quit the butt with the right hand, which will im- 
mediately embrace the guard, lower the rifle to the 
position of shoulder arms, slide up the left hand to the 
hight of the shoulder, the ringers extended and closed ; 
drop the left hand by the side. 

The men being at support arms, the instructor will 
sometimes cause rifles to be brought to the right shoulder. 
To this effect he will command : 

Hight shoulder, shift — Arms. 
One time and three motions. 

XXXVIII. 1. Seize the rifle with the right hand, 
below and near the left fore-arm, place the left hand 
under the butt, the heel of the butt between the first 
two fingers. 

2. Turn the rifle with the left hand, the lock-plate 
upward; carry it to the right shoulder, the left hand 
still holding the butt, the muzzle elevated ; hold the 
rifle in this position. 

3. Place the right hand upon the butt as is prescribed, 
Article XXXVI, and let fall the left hand by the side. 



REVOLVING RIFLE. 21 

Support — Arms. 

One time and two motions. 

XXXIX. 1. The same as the first motion of shoulder 
arms, Article XXXVII. 

2. Turn the rifle with both hands, the barrel to the 
front, carry it opposite the left shoulder, slip the right 
hand to the small of the stock, place the left fore-arm 
extended on the breast. 

3. Drop the right hand quickly by the side. 

Arms — At will. 

One time and one motion. 

XL. At this command carry the rifle at pleasure on 
either shoulder, with one or both hands, the muzzle 
elevated. 

Shoulder — Arms. 

One time and one motion. 

XLI. At this command retake quickly the position 
of shoulder arms. 

XLII. The squad being at an order arms, and each 
rank having called off by twos, arms will be stacked in 
the following manner : 

Stack — Arms. 

One time and five motions. 

XLIII. 1. Each No. 2 of the front rank will pass 
his rifle before him, seize it with his left hand at the 



22 

head of the lever, and incline it diagonally across his 
body, so as to bring the muzzle just beyond his right 
shoulder, the butt about ten inches from the ground, the 
barrel to the rear. 

2. Each No. 2 of the rear rank will with his right 
hand raise and turn his rifle, the barrel to the right, and, 
inclining the muzzle forward, rest the shank of his 
bayonet on that of his file-leader ; he will then relin- 
quish his rifle to his file-leader, who will seize it with 
his right hand at the lower band, keeping the butt of 
the rifle to the rear. 

3. Each No. 1 of the front rank will with his right 
hand raise and turn his rifle, the barrel to the front, and, 
inclining it across his body, place the shank of his 
bayonet above and between the shanks of the other two 
bayonets, retaining his hold of the rifle with the right 
hand, below and near the lower band, the butt ten inches 
from the ground ; taking care not to insert the muzzle 
of his rifle between the bayonets of the other two. 

4. No. 2 of the front rank will, by a smart extension 
of the right arm, throw the butt of the rear rank man's 
rifle about twenty-six inches to the front ; the two file- 
leaders will then rest the butts of the three rifles on the 
ground at the same time ; No. 1 placing the butt of his 
own rifle between his feet, and No. 2 the butt of his rifle 
just outside and a little to the rear of his left toe. 

5. Each odd numbered man of the rear rank will trans- 
fer his rifle to his left hand, the barrel to the front, slope 
it forward, place it on the stack, stepping off to the front 
with his left foot. 

The file-closers will give their rifles to No. 2 of the 
front rank, who will place them on the stack. 

The stacks will be aligned from the right, by the com- 
mand "such (2d or 3d) stack out," "such (2d or 3d) 



REVOLVING RIFLE. 23 

stack in," when No. 2 of the stack indicated, seizing the 
bayonet of the front rifle, will place the butt out, or 
draw it in, as directed. 

If ranks have been broken in order to rest, the squad 
will be called to attention, and arms will be resumed by 
the following commands : 

Prepare to Take Arms. 

XLIY. At this command the rifles of the file-closers 
will be passed to them by No. 2 of the front rank, and 
each No. 1 of the rear rank will step forward with his 
left foot, seize his rifle with his left hand, withdraw it 
from the stack, and take the position of order arms. 

Take — Arms. 
One,time and two motions. 

XLV. 1. At this command each No. 2 of the front 
rank will seize his own rifle with his left hand, and that 
of No. 2 of the rear rank, which is the rifle in front, with 
his right hand, both rifles at the lower band. No. 1 of 
the front rank will seize his own rifle just below the 
lower band. 

2. These two men will raise up the stack, close the 
butts of the rifles together, and disengage the bayonets ; 
No. 2 of the rear rank will receive his rifle with his 
right hand, and these three men will then come to order 
arms. 



24 MANUAL FOR COLT's 



RULES FOR CLEANING COLT'S RIFLE. 

IN ORDINARY CLEANING. 

1. Set the hammer at half-cock, press down the base- 
pin catch (seen on the left in front of the chambers) 
with the left hand, draw the base-pin with the right 
hand, and remove the cylinder. 

2. Drive out the key, and raise the lever till the screw 
is opposite the hole in the frame ; turn out the screw, 
remove the lever and hammer, and turn out the barrel. 
Care should be taken to remove the lever before turning 
out the barrel. 

3. Wash the cylinder and barrel with warm water, 
dry and oil them thoroughly, then replace the parts. 

TO CLEAN ALL THE PARTS. 

1. Set the hammer at half-cock, press down the base- 
pin catch with the left hand, draw the base-pin with the 
right, and remove the cylinder. 

2. Turn out the tang and rear guard-screws, and 
remove the stock. 

3. Turn out the remaining guard-screws, and remove 
the guard. 

4. Turn out the screw, detach the spring from the 
stirrup, and remove the main spring, 

5. Turn out the sear spring screw from the under side 
of the frame, and remove the sear spring. [For shot 
gun and 56-100ths calibre arms, the sear spring is 
attached to the guard, and need not be removed.] 

6. Turn out the screw, and remove the trigger. 



REVOLVING RIFLE. 25 

7. Turn out the bolt screw, and remove the tumbler 
cap. 

8. Turn out the tumbler screw, drive the tumbler out of 
the hammer, the bolt and hand can then be removed. 

9. Turn out the base-pin screw, and remove the base- 
pin catch. 

10. Drive out the key, and raise the lever till the 
screw is opposite the hole in the frame, turn out the 
screw, remove the lever and rammer, and turn out the 
barrel. Care should be taken to remove the lever before 
turning out the barrel. 



CONTENTS. 



PAKT FIRST. 

PAGE 

The principles of Aiming and Target Practice. .... 5 

Aiming 8 8 

Position of a Skirmisher aiming standing 12 

Position of a Soldier kneeling and aiming 16 

Keeping the Piece steady when pulling the Trigger 17 

Simulated Firing with Caps 19 

Simulated Firing with Blank Cartridges 20 

Firing with Ball Cartridges 20 

PART SECOND. 

Dress Parade 23 

Review of a Battalion of Infantry 27 

Guard Mounting 34 

PART THIRD. 

Guards 41 

General Orders for a Sentinel 47 

Watchwords 49 

Police Guard 49 

Grand Guards and other Out Posts 53 

PART FOURTH. 

Honors to be paid by the Troops 65 

Salutes 65 

Escorts of Honor 66 

Funeral Honors , 67 

(i) 



11 CONTENTS. 

PAET FIFTH. 

. PAGE 

Inspection of the Troops 71 

Form of Inspection. 71 

Unsling Knapsacks , 74 

Sling Knapsacks 74 

Muster 76 

PAET SIXTH. 

Bank and Command 78 

PAET SEVENTH. 

Eegulations for the Uniform and Dress of the Army 

of the United States 79 

Coat for Commissioned Officer 79 

Coat for Enlisted Men 79 

Buttons 82 

Trowsers 83 

Hat . 84 

Trimmings 84 

Forage Caps 87 

Cravat or Stock . 87 

Boots 87 

Spurs 87 

Gloves 87 

Sash 88 

Sword-Belt 88 

Sword-Beit Plate 89 

Sword and Scabbard 89 

Sword-Knot -. 89 

Badges to distinguish Bank 90 

Shoulder-Strap 92 

Chevrons 93 



CONTENTS. Ill 

PAGE 

Overcoat 95 

Other Articles of Clothing and Equipment 96 

Tents . . . , 97 

Horse Furniture 97 

Horse Equipments for the Mounted Service 98 

Head Gear 98 

Watering Bridle 100 

Halter 100 

Saddle 100 

Saddle-Tree 101 

Military Store-Keepers 104 

Miscellaneous 105 

PABT EIGHTH. 

Duties of Recruiting Officers 107 

Form of Enlistment 110 

Declaration of Eecruit , 112 

Consent in case of a Minor 112 

Form for Examining a Recruit 115 

PART NINTH. 

Table showing the quantity in bulk of any number 

of Rations, from 1 to 10,000 118 

Camp Equipage * 119 

Allowance of Camp Equipage 120 

Articles of War 121 



'**< 



CONTENTS 



MANUAL FOE COLT'S REVOLVING EIFLE. 



PAGE 

Position of Shouldered Arms, 5 

Support Arms, 5 

Present Arms, <. . . . 6 

Order Arms, 7 

Load, 8 

Ready, 11 

Aim, 12 

Fire, 13 

Fix Bayonet, 14 

Unfix Bayonet, 16 

Inspections of Arms, 15 

Charge Bayonet, 17 

Trail Arms, 18 

Secure Arms, 18 

Eight Shoulder Shift Arms, 19 

Stack Arms, 21 

Take Arms, ' 23 

Rules for Cleaning Colt's Rifle, 24 

(4) 

LBJl 1 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




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